the physical material of the universe; it is anything that has mass and occupies space.

the almost infinitesimally small building blocks of matter.

two or more atoms are joined together in specific shapes.

(also known as vapor) has no fixed volume or shape; rather, it conforms to the volume and shape of its container.

has a distinct volume independent of its container but has no specific shape. It assumes the shape of the portion of the container it occupies

has both a definite shape and a definite volume. Neither liquids nor solids can be compressed to any appreciable extent.

is matter that has distinct properties and a composition that does not vary from sample to sample. Water and table salt (sodium chloride), the primary components of seawater, are examples of?

are substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances. On the molecular level, each ___ is composed of only one kind of atom.

are substances composed of two or more elements; they contain two or more kinds of atoms. Water, for example, is a ___ composed of two elements: hydrogen and oxygen.

are combinations of two or more substances in which each substance retains its chemical identity

Currently, 118 elements are known, though they vary widely in abundance

The observation that the elemental composition of a compound is always the same is known as the

law of constant composition (or the law of definite proportions).French chemist Joseph Louis Proust (1754–1826) first stated the law in about 1800.

particles distributed non-uniformly

particles distributed uniformly

Homogeneous mixtures are also called

can be observed without changing the identity and composition of the substance.

the way a substance may change, or react, to form other substances

Volume, Weight, Mass, Size, Length

Boiling point, Color, Temperature, luster (ning ning) hardness

In 1960 an international agreement was reached specifying a particular choice of metric units for use in scientific measurements. These preferred units are called

The SI base unit of length is the

is a measure of the amount of material in an object.

The SI base unit of mass is the ___, which is equal to about 2.2 pounds (lb).

a measure of the hotness or coldness of an object, is a physical property that determines the direction of heat flow.

was originally based on the assignment of 0 °C to the freezing point of water and 100 °C to its boiling point at sea level

is the SI temperature scale, and the SI unit of temperature is the ___.

is defined as the amount of mass in a unit volume of a substance

Density = mass/volume

a measure of how closely individual measurements agree with one another.

refers to how closely individual measurements agree with the correct, or “true,” value.

All digits of a measured quantity, including the uncertain one, are called

approach to problem solving, we keep track of units as we carry measurements through calculations.

. When converting units and when carrying out several other types of problems, ___ can be used.

Each element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.

When a high voltage was applied to the electrodes in the tube, radiation was produced between the electrodes. This radiation, called ___ originated at the negative electrode and traveled to the positive electrode.

In 1896 the French scientist Henri Becquerel (1852–1908) discovered that a compound of uranium spontaneously emits high-energy radiation. This spontaneous emission of radiation is called

the number of protons plus neutrons in the atom

the number of protons in an atom of any particular element is called that element’s

three subatomic particles of atom

Atoms with identical atomic numbers but different mass numbers (that is, same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons) are called

Atoms are small pieces of matter, so they have mass.

We can determine the averageatomic mass of an element, usually called the element’s

The arrangement of elements in order of increasing atomic number, with elements having similar properties placed in vertical columns, is known as the

The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called

The vertical columns are

all the elements on the left and in the middle of the table are metallic elements, or metals.

mercury

hydrogen, although on the left side of the table, is a nonmetal

Many of the elements that lie alongthe line that separates metals from nonmetals have properties that fall between those of metals and those of nonmetals. These elements are often referred to as

A molecule made up of two atoms is called a

Compounds composed of molecules contain more than one type of atom and are called

Chemical formulas that indicate the actual numbers of atoms in a molecule are called

Chemical formulas that give only the relative number of atoms of each type in a molecule are called

A ___ shows which atoms are attached to which.

If electrons are removed from or added to an atom, a charged particle called an

An ion with a positive charge is a cation(pronounced CAT-ion); a negatively charged ion is an

a compound made up of cations and anions. ___ are generally combinations of metals and nonmetals, as in NaCl. In contrast, molecular compounds are generally composed of nonmetals only, as in H2O.

The system used in naming substances is called

formed from metal atoms have the same name as the metal

Polyatomic anions containing oxygen have names ending in either -ate or -iteandare called

is the area of study that examines the quantities of substances consumed and produced in chemical reactions.

We represent chemical reactions by

The chemical formulas to the left of the arrow represent the starting substances, called

The chemical formulas to the right of the arrow represent substances produced in the reaction, called

The numbers in front of the formulas, called ___, indicate the relative numbers of molecules of each kind involved in the reaction.

Two or more reactants combine to form a single product. Many elements react with one another in this fashion to form compounds.

A single reactant breaks apart to form two or more substances. Many compounds react this way when heated

The formula weight of a substance is the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in the chemical formula of the substancethe chemical formula is that of a molecule, the formula weight is also called the

In chemistry the counting unit for numbers of atoms, ions, or molecules in a laboratory-size sample is the

mole, abbreviated mol

x1023- Scientists call this value

The mass in grams of one mole of a substance (that is, the mass in grams per mole) is called

The reactant that is completely consumed in a reaction is called the ___ because it determines, or limits, the amount of product formed.

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The substance present in the greatest quantity is usually called the solvent, and the other substances are called solutes; they are said to be dissolved in the solvent.When a small amount of sodium chloride (NaCl) is dissolved in a large quantity of water, for example, water is the solvent and sodium chloride is the solute.

Reactions that result in the formation of an insoluble product are called PRECIPITATION REACTIONS. A PRECIPITATE

is an insoluble solid formed by a reaction in solution.

are substances that ionize in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions

Because a hydrogen atom consists of a proton and an electron, is simply a proton. Thus, acids are often called proton donors

are substances that accept (react with) ions. Bases produce hydroxide ions when they dissolve in water.

Strong and Weak Acids and Bases

Acids and bases that are strong electrolytes (completely ionized in solution) are strong acids and strong bases. Those that are weak electrolytes (partly ionized) are weak acids and weak bases.

Loss of electrons by a substance is called

The gain of electrons by a substance is called

Oxidation Numbers

1.     For an atom in its elemental form, the oxidation number is always zero

2.     For any monatomic ion the oxidation number equals the ionic charge.

3.     Nonmetals usually have negative oxidation numbers, although they can sometimes be positive.

4.     The sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms in a neutral compound is zero

Scientists use the term ___ to designate the amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solvent or quantity of solution.

(symbol M) expresses the concentration of a solution as the number of moles of solute in a liter of solution (soln)

To determine the concentration of a particular solute in a solution, chemists often carry out a

involves combining a solution where the solute concentration is not known with a reagent solution of known

concentration, called a

The point at which stoichiometrically equivalent quantities are brought together is known as the