WorksheetsEXPERTISE-CH9-INTROCOG
Total questions: 18
Worksheet time: 6mins
Which three phases characterise skill acquisition?
discovery phase, being told by others phase, learning by example phase
the copious phase, the approachable phase, the amenable phase
the cognitive phase, the associative phase & the autonomous phase
What is tactical learning?
Learning sequences of actions required to solve a particular problem
Mastering each element before learning new material
Learning how to organise one's problem solving to apply it to problems of similar structure
What does the theory of identical elements state?
Each skill has a set of unique elements which are not transferable
Transfer between skills only happens when they share knowledge elements
Learning a similar skill makes the you worse at learning another skill
What happens during the cognitive phase in skill acquisition?
The skill is slowly perfected by eliminating errors in initial understanding
The skill is misunderstood
The skill becomes more automatic and rapid
A declarative encoding of a skill is developed and used
What is proceduralization?
when information held in declarative memory is converted into procedural knowledge
when information is separated into chunks
What is strategic learning?
Learning sequences of actions required to solve a particular problem
Learning how to organise one's problem solving to apply it to problems of similar structure
Mastering each element in the curriculum before learning new material
What happens during the associative phase in skill acquisition?
The skill is the most automatic and rapid in this phase
A declarative encoding of a skill is developed and used
The skill is slowly perfected by eliminating errors in initial understanding
The skill becomes difficult again
What are intelligent tutoring systems?
Online forum where you can hire private tutors
Systems that help students cheat at exams
Books that guide students
Computer system with AI that interact with students to help them learn
What are componential analyses? Approaches to ....
... instruction which begin with analysing individual components to be taught
... instruction relying on the individual's representation of problems
... to problem solving using means-end analysis to solve problems
What happens during the automatic phase in skill acquisition?
Knowledge about the skill becomes easily transferable to other skills
The skill is slowly forgotten
The skill becomes more automatic and rapid
The skill integrates with other skills
What is deliberate practice?
Practice where learners feel like they have to perform
Practice where learners are distracted and hate looking at performance
Practice where learners are motivated, receive feedback & monitor their performance
Why are (physics) experts better at solving physics problems than novices? (Chi, Feltovich & Glaser, 1981)
Experts more easily identify deeper principles of problems
Experts call their friends and ask them
Experts focus a lot on surface features
Experts rely on external tools more
What function also characterises the development of complex skills (i.e., expertise)
Power Law of Looking
Power Law of Jumping
Power Law of Learning
Power Law of Loving Introcog
How can EXPERTISE be related to MEMORY?
Experts transfer skills to similar domains more easily
Experts are better at pattern recognition (within their domain of expertise) due to having more patterns stored in memory
Which brain region was larger in taxi drivers than in the control participants? (Maguire et al., 2000)
The visual cortex
Amygdala
Posterior hippocampus
Prefontral cortex
What is the most likely explanation that the taxi drivers had a larger posterior hippocampus than controls? (according to Maquire et al., 2000)
Over time, the taxi drivers become experts in navigation & hippocampus is involved in spatial memory
They talk to many customers each day & hippocampus is important for talking
Individuals with larger hippocampal regions are more likely to become taxi drivers
What is skill transfer?
Method for improving memory
Process where acquired skills are applied to contexts that are different from where they were originally learned
Not perceiving some stimuli while paying attention to other stimuli
How can EXPERTISE be related to ATTENTION?
Experts perceive problems differently
Experts are more easily distracted
Automaticity: some skills require little to no direct attention after repeated practice
