more precisely it is a measure of the extent to which two variables are related.

(a)  

is a statistical technique that is used to measure and describe a relationship between two variables.

(a)  

Correlation means (a)  

The sign of the correlation that is either positive or negative would describe the relationship direction.

(a)  

This result when one value increases the other value also increases - meaning that the two variables are moving in the same direction.

(a)  

tends to go in the opposite direction. As the x variable increases the y variable decreases.

(a)  

This is the inverse relationship

(a)  

the scores change, the scores do not tend to only increase or only decrease: At some point, the scores change their direction of change.

(a)  

This is the direct correlation

(a)  

is measured by the numerical value of the correlation

(a)  

come in many different shapes, but Figure below shows two common ones. The scatterplot on the left shows the relationship between a person’s age and the amount of time required to move from one place to another

(a)  

The relationships tend to have a linear form, that is, the points in the scatter plot tend to form a straight line. However, a special correlations exist for measuring other forms. The form is specified by the type of correlation used.

(a)  

A correlation of 1.00 indicates a

(a)  

a correlation 0.00 indicates (a)  

is one in which a positive or negative relationship exists and all of the points fall on the line

(a)  

is one in which a relationship exists, but all of the points do not fall on the line.

(a)  

-0.7 to -0.3

(a)  

-0.3 - 0.3

(a)  

-1.0 to -0.7

(a)  

0.3-0.7

(a)  

0.7- 1.00

(a)  

1.0 to -0.7 -0.7 to -0.3 -0.3 to +0.3 +0.3 to +0.7 +0.7 to +1.0

(a)  

this statistics is used for variables that are both nominal and dichotomous

(a)  

in phi-coefficient (a)   is used to present the data.

s a statistics used to estimate the degree of relationship between a dichotomous and an interval or ratio scale.

(a)  

It is used to look into the significant relationship of two variables when ranking is used.

(a)  

a graph that shows the location of each data point formed by a pair of X–Y scores.

(a)  

a non-parametric test of correlation for it does not require normality in distribution.

(a)  

A data point that is relatively far from the majority of data points in the scatterplot

(a)  

—it lies out of the general pattern.

(a)  

convenient mathematical tools to study the correlation between two random variables.

(a)  

Exactly – 1

(a)  

-0.70 to - 0.99

(a)  

-0.50 to - 0.69

(a)  

-0.30- -0.49

(a)  

0.30-0.49

(a)  

0.50-0.69

(a)  

0.70-0.99

(a)  

exactly 1

(a)  

The value 𝑟 2 (a)  

Both scales Ordinal

(a)  

it measures the proportion of variability in one variable that can be determined from the relationship with the other variable.

(a)  

0 in phi interpretation

(a)  

Both scales are naturally dichotomus

(a)  

Both scales Interval or ratio

(a)  

One scale dichotomous one scale interval or ratio

(a)  

It is a test that checks whether there is any significant difference between the

population means of two groups. It is used when

two correlated groups of data (interval or ratio)

are being compared.

(a)  

used to determine the significance of the difference between two means.

(a)  

used when the samples are drawn from different population.

(a)  

used when we predict a relationship but do not predict the direction in which scores

will change.

(a)  

used when the samples come from the same population or the

same set of samples is subjected of two different experimental conditions.

(a)  

data such as male and female, yes or no responses, political affiliations like LP, LDP, Lakas, and religious

groupings, Christian and non-Christian and other organizations.

(a)  

data such as Strongly

Agree, Agree, No Opinion, Disagree and Strongly Disagree and also other data which employ rankings.

(a)  

tests do not require normality of the distribution

(a)  

is the measure that

will tell whether the data is normal or abnormal.

(a)  

used when we predict the direction in which scores will change.

(a)  

is the highest type of scale. measures of length, width, weight,

capacity and loudness and others.

(a)  

data provide numbers that reflect difference among items.

(a)  

deals with the analysis and interpretation of data.

(a)  

there are some conditions that should be met. The data must be normally

distributed and the level of measurement must be either interval or ratio.

(a)  

This statistics consists of

different statistical tools/test used in the analysis of interval, ratio, nominal and ordinal data.

(a)  

sts are a type of nonparametric technique that tests hypotheses about the form of the

entire frequency distribution. This test is used with ordinal data in the form of frequencies or proportions. The

observed frequencies are compared to the expected frequencies and the differences are tested at desired

level of significance.

(a)  

This table consists of a cross-tabulation of classes of observations with the frequencies for each

class shown.

(a)  

uses sample data t test hypotheses about the shape or

proportions of a population distribution. The test determines how well the obtained sample proportions fit the

population proportions specified by the null hypothesis.

(a)  

table is one where only one row of observations is given.

(a)  

1. Test for goodness of fit

2. Test for independence

(a)  

used to compare the equality of three or more means, however when the means from two samples are compared

(a)  

table is one where there are r number or rows of observed frequencies and m number of

columns of observed frequencies.

(a)  

Two variables are independent when there is no consistent, predictable relationship between them.

In this case, the frequency distribution for one variable is not related to the categories of the second variable.

As a result, when two variables are independent, the frequency distribution for one variable will have the

same shape for all categories of the second variable.

(a)  

The purpose of a one-way ANOVA test is to (a)   of a statistically significant difference among several group means.

The test actually uses (a)   to help determine if the means are equal or not.

The distribution used for the hypothesis test is a new one called (a)  

e F distribution, named after (a)  

ANOVA MEANS?

(a)  

maintains the type I error probability at the designated level.

(a)  

(i) All populations involved follow a normal distribution. (ii) All populations have the same variance (or standard deviation). (iii) The samples are randomly selected and independent of one another.

(a)  

refers to the extent of matching or congruence or “goodness of fit” between an operational definition and the concept it is purported to measure

(a)  

(a)   may still be invalid

it is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. It is vital for a test to be valid in order for the results to be accurately applied and interpreted.

(a)  

“the degree to which items in an instrument reflect the content universe to which the instrument will be generalized” (Straub, Boudreau et al. 2004). In the field of IS, it is highly recommended to apply (a)   while the new instrument is developed

involves evaluation of a new survey instrument in order to ensure that it includes all the items that are essential and eliminates undesirable items to a particular construct domain

(a)  

The CVR (content validity ratio) proposed by

(a)  

s the extent to which a measure is related to an outcome. It measures how well one measure predicts an outcome for another measure

(a)  

it is useful for predicting performance or behavior in another situation (past, present, or future).

(a)  

It is the degree to which test results agree with those provided by some independent and highly dependable assessment of the candidate’s ability

(a)  

occurs when the criterion measures are obtained at a time after the test.  The survey is predictively valid if the test accurately predicts what it is supposed to predict. It can also refer to when scores from the predictor measure are taken first and then the criterion data is collected later.in other words, the ability of one assessment tool to predict future performance either in some activity or on another assessment of the same construct. The best way to directly establish predictive validity is to perform a long-term validity study

(a)  

alternative perspective that de-emphasizes the conceptual meaning or interpretation of test scores. Test users might simply wish to use a test to differentiate between groups of people or to make predictions about future outcomes

(a)  

s a type of evidence that can be gathered to defend the use of a test for predicting other outcomes. It refers to the extent to which the results of a particular test, or measurement, correspond to those of a previously established measurement for the same construct. In brief, concurrent validity assesses the operationalization's ability to distinguish between groups that it should theoretically be able to distinguish between

(a)  

efers to how well you translated or transformed a concept, idea, or behavior that is a construct into a functioning and operating reality, the operationalization.

(a)  

occurs when the criterion measures are obtained at the same time as the test scores. This indicates the extent to which the test scores accurately estimate an individual’s current state with regard to the criterion.

(a)  

a parameter often used in sociology, psychology, and other behavioral sciences, refers to the degree to which two measures of constructs that theoretically should be related, are in fact related. It, along with discriminant validity, is a subtype of construct validity

(a)  

refers to any underlying ability that is hypothesized in a theory of language ability

(a)  

Construct validity has two components

(a)  

demonstrated by evidence that measures of constructs that theoretically should not be highly related to each other are, in fact, not found to be highly correlated to each other

(a)  

t is worth pointing out that if a test is to have validity, not only the item must be valid. Also the way in which the responses are scored must be valid.

(a)  

tests that constructs that should have no relationship do, in fact, not have any relationship.

(a)  

a subjective judgment on the operationalization of a construct. (a)   is the degree to which a measure appears to be related to a specific construct, in the judgment of nonexperts such as test takers and representatives of the legal system.

the weakest form of validity and many would suggest that it is not a form of validity in the strictest sense of the word.

(a)  

For this type of validity, the criterion is in the past. That is, the criterion (e.g., another test) was administered in the past. It is a form of criterion-referenced validity that is determined by the degree to which the scores on a given test are related to the scores on another, already established test or criterion administered at a previous point in time.

(a)