WorksheetsExam 2
Total questions: 52
Worksheet time: 26mins
_____________ effectively limits how large a bacterium can grow. The bigger the bacteria cell, the less likely that nutrients can reach its interior.
differentiation
transduction
diffusion
conjugation
Plasmid DNA generally contains genetic information critical for the survival of a bacterial cell.
True
False
Many antibiotics that target bacteria are effective against Archaea.
True
False
A biologist draws a tree of life having only three branches. Which of the following groups did the biologist MOST likely choose for her tree?
fungi, Eukarya, and vertebrates
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
vertebrates, Bacteria, and Archaea
Bacteria, Archaea, and fungi
Eukarya, Bacteria, and fungi
Bacterial genetic diversity can arise from _____________
sexual reproduction
transduction and conjugation
meiotic recombination
meiotic recombination and conjugation
horizontal gene transfer and sexual reproduction
Conjugation is a type of horizontal gene transfer that relies on a structure known as a plus that brings to cells into close enough contact to transfer genetic material.
True
False
If biologists could quantify all the human and bacterial cells in the human body, they would find far more human cells.
True
False
As diffusion plays a large role in determining the size of bacterial cells, bacteria are often shaped like which of the following?
spheres
spirals
filaments
rods
all of the above
All bacteria are unicellular.
True
False
A student notices two bacteria cells of the same species in close association with one another, with a thin projection running between them. He assumes that these cells are fusing, forming a new individual. His instructor informs him that this is not the case, why?
cell fusion does not occur in bacteria cells
these cells are likely undergoing conjugation
these cells are likely undergoing transformation
cell fusion does not occur in bacteria cells and these cells are likely undergoing transformation
cell fusion does not occur in bacteria cells and these cells are likely undergoing conjugation
A doctor is treating a patient for an apparent bacterial infection. She prescribes antibiotics that target the peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls. To her surprise, this treatment does not work. Why might this treatment be ineffective?
the bacterium may have developed resistance to these treatments
the patient may be infected with bacteria that have cell walls composed of chitin
the patient may be infected with bacteria that have cell walls composed of cellulose
all these choices are correct
Autotrophs produce carbohydrates by reducing CO2, whereas heterotrophs synthesize carbohydrates by ingesting smaller performed organic compounds like glucose.
True
False
Which is NOT a difference between anoxygenic photosynthetic organisms and oxygenic photosynthetic organisms?
source of electrons
type of chlorophyll
number of photosystems
wavelength at which light is absorbed
need for a source of carbon
Unlike the rigid protein framework in bacteria, a eukaryotic cell's _____________ can be remodeled quickly, enabling the cell to change its shape.
nuclear envelope
nucleosomes
cytribosomes
cytoskeleton
peptidoglycan
All of the membranes of the eukaryotic cell are in dynamic continuity except for the membranes in the _____________ .
chromosomes
mitochondria and chloroplasts
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
nuclear membrane
Cyanobacteria which originated in the oceans were the first organisms to produce oxygen via photosynthetic processes.
True
False
DNA on a cell is located in the _____________ .
mitochondria
nucleus
chloroplast
all of the above
Green algae are most closely related to _____________ .
land plants
red algae
brown algae
diatoms
Photosynthesis occurs in many branches of the eukaryotic tree.
True
False
Advances from prokaryotes to eukaryotes include _____________ .
flagella fueled by ATP
organelles
lipopolysaccharides
DNA
asexual reproduction
Phagocytosis can result in _____________ .
digestion of the phagocytosed cell by the host cell
retention of the phagocytosed cell by the host cell as an organelle
either of these can happen
Protists include _____________ .
some animals
some plants
some fungi
none of the above
Which of the following are characteristics of eukaryotic cells but not of prokaryotic cells?
relatively large genome, dynamic cytoskeleton, compartmentalized metabolic processes
two or more circular chromosomes, dynamic membrane system, compartmentalized metabolic processes
linear chromosomes, endomembrane system, nucleus, diverse means of harvesting and utilizing energy under anaerobic conditions
two or more linear chromosomes, dynamic membrane system, diverse means of harvesting and utilizing energy under anaerobic conditions
Which of the following is NOT part of the endomembrane system?
nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
The diversity of shapes found in eukaryotic cells is made possible by the _____________ .
nucleus
mitochondria
cytoskeleton
plasma membrane
Which of the following processes introduce genetic diversity and contribute to the creation of daughter cells that are genetically unique from one another and from the parent cell?
recombination
independent assortment
meiotic cell division
fusion of gametes
all of these choices are correct
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have arisen from _____________ .
endosymbiotic bacteria
parasitic interactions
normal organelle development
none of the above
A cell with chloroplasts that have four membranes (not counting the thylakoid membranes) likely arose by _____________ endosymbiotic event(s).
one
two
four
eight
Which of the following is an advantage of the relatively small size of the prokaryotic genome?
it allows for more diverse regulation methods
it allows prokaryotes to reproduce quickly
it allows for increased diversity
it allows for noncoding genetic material
Mitotic cell division in unicellular eukaryotes can result in a cell that is _____________ .
1n
2n
either 1n or 2n, depending on whether the organism predominantly exists as a haploid cell or a diploid cell
Animals inherited a sexual life cycle from their protistan ancestors. In what ways have animals modified the life cycle characteristics of most protists?
in animals, the haploid cells undergo multiple rounds mitotic cell division before sexual fusion takes place
in animals, the diploid zygote undergoes multiple rounds of mitotic cell division before sexual fusion takes place
animals have no haploid phase in their life cycle
animals do not form zygotes as part of their life cycle
Many single-celled eukaryotic organisms have evolved complex life cycles that include sexual reproduction. This means _____________ .
at some point, two cells must fuse to become diploid
diploid cells must undergo mitotic cell division in order to reproduce
haploid cells must undergo meiotic divisions to form gametes
complex mating behaviors likely evolved at the same time as sexual reproduction
Many single-celled eukaryotes that normally exist in a haploid state reproduce asexually by _____________ .
meiotic cell division
binary fission
mitotic cell division
fusion
Superkingdom opisthokonts includes _____________.
plants, animals, and fungi
plants and fungi
animals and fungi
animals, fungi, and choanoflagellates
Which of the following is a term describing a multinucleated organism made up of a single cell?
colonial
multicellular
differentiated
coenocytic
Multiple lines of evidence indicate that complex multicellularityhas evolved at least six different times. Which of the following superkingdoms include organisms that exhibit complex multicellularity?
opisthokonta, archaeplastida, stramenopila
opisthokonta, amoebozoa, archaeplastida, stramenopila
plants, animals, fungi, slime molds
plants, animals, fungi, slime molds, red algae, green algae, brown algae
green algae (and land plants), red algae, brown algae, animals, fungi, slime molds
Which of the following is the definition of diffusion?
the tendency of molecules to move in space due to kinetic energy
the movement of substances from and area of low concentration to high concentration
the movement of substance across a membrane
the movement of substance by osmosis
For multicellularity to develop, there must be a mechanism of signaling among cells in the multicellular organism.. Which of the following structures present in the cell membrane receives signals from the environment, or other cells?
plasmodesmata
receptors
gap junctions
cadherins
An undifferentiated cell in animals that can develop into any of several differentiated cell types is called a _____________.
stem cell
single-celled organism
feeding cell
reproducing cell
Choanoflagellates are _____________.
fungi
protists
plants
animals
In what types of multicellular organisms do plasmodesmata serve as a mechanism of cell-cell signaling?
fungi
plants
those types of organisms that spend only a portion of their life cycle in a multicellular state
animals
Which one of the following is a major difference between plants and animals?
animals use sophisticated genetic programs to govern their development and day-to-day functions. plants do not.
plant cells have evolved modifications of the plasma membrane that permit the transfer of information and molecules from one cell to another. animal cells have not.
plants have a meshwork of extracellular proteins that provide structural support and that determine the shape of the cells. animals do not.
plant cells have walls, animal cells do not
The branch of biology known as evolutionary-developmental biology is the study of _____________.
the development of multicellularity
how changes in development underpin the evolution of morphology
cell-cell signaling
cell adhesion molecules
Coenocytic organization is unique to multicellular organisms exhibiting the trait.
True
False
The passive movement of ions or molecules from a point of high concentration to a point of low concentration is known as _____________.
Diffusion
active transport
endocytosis
solubility
In humans and many other animals, what organ system is involved in bulk transport of nutrients, oxygen, and signaling molecules?
respiratory system
circulatory system
immune system
digestive system
Which of the following molecules help maintain cell-cell adhesions in plants?
cadherins
pectins
interns
cellulose
Which of the following is TRUE of plasmodesmata?
they are holes in the cell wall through which the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells are connected
they are channels in the plasma membrane of plant cells made of transmembrane proteins
they are channels in the plasma membrane of animal cells made of transmembrane
they provide structural support between adjacent plant cells
they provide structural support between adjacent animal cells
Which of the following is the term for a ball of undifferentiated cells that results from repeated mitosis of a fertilized egg?
cleavage
blastula
gastrula
endoderm
An inhibitor of mitosis would most likely have the greatest effect on the _____________ of a plant.
meristems
presence of cell walls
cells of the vascular tissue
gastrula
In which order were the key features of complex multicellularitylikely to have appeared?
cell adhesion, cell communication, regulated growth and development
cell communication, cell adhesion, regulated growth and development
regulated growth and development, cell communication, cell adhesion
regulated growth and development, cell adhesion, cell communication
Transcription factors are _____________.
master genes in a heirarchy of regulatory levels
genes at any level in a heirarchy or regulatory genes
proteins that switch master genes on or off
proteins that switch genes on or off at any level in a hierarchy of regulatory genes
not involved in morphological development
