the genetic makeup of an individual

states that the members of each pair of alleles separate when gametes are formed. A gamete will receive one allele or the other, but not both.

more than one allele is available for each gene (ex. Human blood)

cross is used to examine the distribution of one set of genes during reproduction.

Chromosomes that have the same length, appearance, and copies of genes, although the alleles may differ. 

specific region of DNA that codes for a particular protein.

the alleles are different (Tt) (hybrid)

occurs when the dominant allele is not completely expressed when paired with the recessive allele.

are used to predict outcomes among two crosses (two sets of alleles) and to determine possible allele combinations among offspring.

alleles are the same 

If they are both recessive (tt) (purebred recessive)

If they are both dominant (TT) (purebred dominant) 

family record that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations.

organism whose genome contains a gene for a certain trait or disease that is not expressed in the organisms phenotype. 

a trait that is governed by two or more genes

Any of the alternative forms of a gene that occurs at a specific place on a chromosomes. 

image of all of the chromosomes in a cell.

Chromosome that contains genes for characteristics not directly related to the sex of the organism. 

allele that is expressed when two different alleles are present in an organisms genotype

allele that is not expressed unless 2 copies are present in an organisms genotype

the physical quality of an individual (tall, short)

is a cross among two traits.

gene that is located on a sex chromosome. 

states that two or more pairs of alleles segregate independently of one another during gamete formation, creating at least four different outcomes.

expression of a gene.