________ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of

The main action of antidiuretic hormone is

Which of the following is not one of the formed elements of blood?

A plasma protein essential for blood clotting is

The function of red blood cells is to

A person's blood type is determined by the

The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the

Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the

The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?

1. right atrium

2. left atrium

3. right ventricle

4. left ventricle

5. venae cavae

6. aorta

7. pulmonary trunk

8. pulmonary veins

The ________ circuit carries blood from the aorta to the right ventricle.

Which chamber has the thickest wall?

The superior portion of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit is the

The smallest arterial branches are called the

What is the correct order for the sequence of blood vessels that blood would travel in the systemic circuit, starting at the aorta?

1. venules

2. arterioles

3. capillaries

4. elastic arteries

5. medium veins

6. large veins

7. muscular arteries

18.  The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart.

   1. Purkinje fibers

   2. AV bundle

   3. AV node

   4. SA node

   5. bundle branches

Heart rate is controlled by neurons of the cardiovascular center located in the

The lymphatic system does all of the following except

You would expect to find fenestrated capillaries in

The vessel that receives blood from the head, neck, chest, shoulders, and arms is the

T cells develop from stem cells in the

The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells

A substance that provokes an immune response is called an

T is to ________ as B is to ________.

The body's innate defenses include all of the following except

The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps?

1. Several cycles of mitosis occur.

  2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage.

  3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection.

  4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen.

  5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells.

  6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin.

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are

Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is

The pneumotaxic center of the pons

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the cells and interstitial fluids is

The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in the

The enzyme pepsin digests

Match the gastric phase on the left (1-3) with the correct description on the right (4-6):

1. intestinal phase                   4. prepares stomach for arrival of food

2. gastric phase                       5. stomach empties and decreases secretions

3. cephalic phase                     6. stomach secretes juice and mixes food into chyme

Where does chemical digestion begin

The end products of aerobic respiration are

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are

The direct transfer of heat energy from one object to another through physical contact is called

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the

Each kidney has about ________ nephrons.

An important structure for blood pressure regulation is the

  The two organs that play an important role in maintaining acid-base balance are the

The principal cation in intracellular fluid is

The most dangerous problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of

The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

Arrange the four structures listed below into the order in which sperm pass from the testis to the external urethral orifice.

         1. ductus deferens

         2. urethra

         3. ejaculatory duct

         4. epididymis

A rise in the blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone at the beginning of the ovarian cycle is responsible for

The organ that produces a secretion that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen is the