Transduction requires cell-to-cell contact.

A mutation is heritable.

Nonsense mutations result in proteins that are still functional, at least to some degree.

Mutations can be induced by exposure to chemicals or radiation.

Nonionizing radiation such as gamma radiation can induce dimer formation between two adjacent pyrimidine bases.

Frameshift mutation significantly changes the resulting amino acids produced.

Conjugation uses sex pili.

Competency is a necessity in transformation.

In conjugation, F- minus becomes F+ when it receives a copy of the F plasmid.

Protoplast fusion can be performed in both bacteria and fungi.

Genetic elements called transposons or “jumping genes” are exclusively found in prokaryotes.

Intercalating agents are chemical mutagens that causes frameshift mutation.

Horizontal gene transfer allows sharing of genes among distantly related species.

In conjugation, F plasmid integrated into the chromosome are called Hfr cells.