_________ conditioning is when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response.

_________ is a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

__________ is an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning.

_________ is a stimulus with no prior experience

_________ is a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.

__________ a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.

What is the process of pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus called?

________ is the gradual elimination of learned response when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus

_________ is when the conditioned response is observed even though the conditioned stimulus is slightly different from the original conditioned stimulus used during acquisition.

In the Little Albert Study, what was the unconditioned stimulus that caused the unconditioned response (crying)?

In the Little Albert Study, what was the neutral stimulus that became the conditioned stimulus?

Conditioning is ______ when the conditioned stimulus is unfamiliar because familiar stimuli already have expectations attached to them.

Biological preparedness usually takes several pairings of the _________ with the _________ to establish learning.

_________ conditioning is when the consequences of an organism's behaviour determine whether the organism will repeat that behaviour in the future.

________ increases the frequency of desirable behaviour

Punishment _______ the frequency of _______ behaviour

Positive means a stimulus is ______

Negative means a stimulus is _______

When a stimulus is added to increase the frequency of a behaviour it is called...

When a stimulus is removed to increase the frequency of a behaviour it is called...

When a stimulus is added to decrease the frequency of a behaviour it is called...

When a stimulus is removed to decrease the frequency of a behaviour it is called...

Discriminative stimulus is a stimulus that indicates a response will be _______

Schedules of Reinforcement: _______ is when a specific amount of time needs to elapse before the reinforcer is present. The responding increases as reinforcement time nears, there is little responding immediately after reinforcement.

Schedules of Reinforcement: ________ the amount of time between behaviour and reinforcer will vary from trial to trial. responding is steady and consistent, but it is hard to get started. However, once behaviours begin, it is hard to stop.

Schedules of Reinforcement: ________ is when reinforcement is provided for a specific amount of repeated behaviour. The responding activity slows after reinforcement, then picks up again.

Schedules of Reinforcement: _________ is when reinforcement is provided following behaviour without consistency. There is high rates of responding and is hard to extinguish.

__________ is learning by watching the actions of others.

_________ is learning that takes place independent of the awareness of the process. Learning while not realizing you are learning.

A ________ is the smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than random noise.

________ are the smallest meaningful units of language. A meaningful unit of language that cannot be further divided

Phonological rules are rules about combining ________

________ rules are rules about how we combine morphemes.

__________ rules are about how to combine words into sentences or phrases

At about what age do humans start babbling?

Theories of Language Development: ___________ explanations believe children learn language by operant conditioning because some words are encouraged and some are discouraged.

Theories of Language: __________ explanations believe that humans are born with the natural ability of language.

Theories of Language: __________ explanations believe that it is a combination or nature and nurture.

Genetic dysphasia is when a person... (caused by a mutation in a single gene)

What area of the brain is responsible for producing coherent speech?

Which area of the brain helps in speech processing and understanding language?

___________ indicates that language shapes the nature of thought

__________ is the idea that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value, and multiplying it by two.

Are we better at judging frequency and probability?

________ are fast, efficient strategies that may facilitate decision-making, but there is no guarantee of a solution.

Heuristics: ________ --> items are more easily accessible in memory are judged as occurring more frequently

Heuristics: ________ --> thinking that specific conditions are more probable than a single general condition. One general condition is always more true

Heuristics: ________ --> making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of an object or event.

Heuristics: ________ --> giving different answers to the same problem depending on the problem is phrased or framed.

Heuristics: ________ --> making a decision about a current situation on purely the basis of whether they have previously invested in the situation.

Heuristics: ________ --> believing that, compared to other people, you are more likely to experience positive events and less likely to experience negative events.

________ is when a person is optimistic and they put the effort into making things happen.

Select all that apply: Prospect Theory is when...