The footings of the exterior and interior columns are connected by a tie-beam or strap which is so extended to support the exterior column

Type of foundation used on soil of low bearing power where there is a tendency towards unequal settlement due to unequal loading of soil.

Type of foundation that supports a line of columns

or all of the columns by strips at right angles to each other.

Type of floor system that is used where spans and loads cannot be adequately designed in reinforced-concrete, and for decking, beams, girders and other prefabricated units where greater spans and loads with thinner, stronger, and in some cases, lighter members are required.

It is a type of panel curtain wall system that refers to the method of installation where the mullions and horizontal rails are installed first before installation of the window and wall panels.

Type of wall panel system that supports not expressed. Non-lineal pattern. Joints vertical and horizontal usually without trim. Also known as sheathed type wall panel system.

Type of wall panel system that refers to the wall’s appearance where the supports (or the mullions) are clearly expressed. Vertical lines are therefore dominant.

The wall panel system that supports are not a primary element of expression in this type of wall. Horizontal lines are dominant and the length of spandrel is unlimited.

Types of Wall.

A subsurface wall built to resist the lateral pressure of internal loads.

Types of Wall.

The enclosing wall of an iron or steel framework or the non-bearing portion of an enclosing wall between piers.

Types of Wall.

That portion of an enclosing wall below the first tier of joists.

Types of Wall.

The space between any arch and the beam over the same; or an exterior non-bearing wall in skeleton construction built between columns or piers and wholly supported at each story.

Types of Wall.

A wall on which either floor or roof construction rests.

In foundation system these are driven in sections with a steam-hammer and, as additional sections are required, these are attached to the driven section by means of a cast-iron or steel internal sleeve and re-driven.

In foundation system these are are combination timber and concrete or steel and concrete piles and may be composed of timber piles with concrete coatings held in position by steel reinforcements in the shape of expanded metal or wire netting.

In foundation system these are moulded in a yard or if at the site allowed to cure for 4 weeks before using.

This form of construction is suitable for relatively narrow buildings with external columns only, the column-free internal space offering great flexibility of layout.

These are usually of H-shaped section formed by a combination of plates and angles although box columns with two or more webs are not uncommonly used in heavy building frames.

Beam composed of a wide plate, known as a web, at the top and bottom of which are riveted angles and plates.

In steel beam moment connection, it is also called rigid frame connections are able to hold their original angle under loading by developing a specified resisting moment, usually by means of plates welded or bolted to the beam flanges and the supporting column.

In steel beam moment connection, it is also called semi-rigid frame connections assume beam and girder connections possess a limited but known moment resisting capacity.

A type of metal decking that serves as a permanent formwork for a reinforced concrete slab until the slab can support itself and its live load.

A type of metal decking which is manufactured by welding a corrugated sheet to a flat steel sheet, forming a series of spaces or raceways for electrical and communications wiring; special cutouts are available for floor outlets. The decking may serve as an acoustic ceiling when the perforated cells are filled with glass fiber.

A type of metal decking which serves as a tensile reinforcement for the concrete slab to which it is bonded with embossed rib pattern.

It is a structural framework composed of a series of straight members so arranged and fastened together that external loads applied to it will cause only direct stress in the members.

Its process employs an electric arc, wherein energy in the form of heat is supplied by establishing an arc between the base or parent metal (the parts to be joined) and a metal electrode.

Means of joining steel structural members in buildings because it has the inherent advantage of fusing the metals to be joined, thereby simplifying connections and fabricating operations.

In raised floor system, it provides maximum accessibility, optimum underfloor space, and electrical continuity.

In raised floor system, it provides maximum rigidity for seismic loading, electrical continuity for grounding or static control, and plenum seal.