basic, essential components of meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of a word.

(a)  

meaning that associations or connotations attached to a word

(a)  

a component of the concept associated with a lexical item.

Semantics roles are roles that words fulfill within the situation described by a sentence

(a)  

roles that words fulfill within the situation described by a sentence

(a)  

the entity that performs the action

(a)  

the entity that is involved in or affected by the action or an entity that is simply being described

(a)  

The entity used by the agent to perform an action

(a)  

An entity, usually a person, that has a feeling, perception or state

(a)  

(a)   denotes where an entity is

(a)   denotes where the entity moves from

(a)   denotes where the entity moves to

two or more words or phrases that have the same or nearly the same meanings

(a)  

Two words or phrases that have opposite meanings

(a)  

(a)   are opposites along a scale

the negative of one implies the other. In other words, the denial of one term is the assertion of the other term.

(a)  

(a)   denotes a kind of role reversal in a relationship

(a)   are pairs in which each member expresses the reverse of the other.

The relationship between two or more words where the meaning of one form includes the meaning of another

(a)  

The (a)   is the superordinate term

The (a)   is the subordinate term

 two words that sound and/or are written the same but are different in meanings

(a)  

two words that have the same spelling and the same pronunciation, but different meanings

(a)  

two words that have the same pronunciation but different spelling

(a)  

two words that have the same spelling but different pronunciation

(a)  

A word has multiple meanings that are related to one another

(a)  

a word or phrase used to avoid saying an unpleasant or offensive word

(a)  

(a)   is the study of what speakers mean

or speaker’s meaning . (Yule: 2010: 127)

what a sentence means out of

context

(a)  

(a)   is derived from the

meaning of the words used in a sentence.

what a speaker means when

he/she utters a sentence, usually in a particular

context

(a)  

the relationships between linguistic forms, how they are arranged in sequence, and which sequences are well-formed.

(a)  

what linguistic expressions mean out of context

(= truth conditions)

(a)  

relationships between linguistic forms and the users

of those forms (speakers)

(a)  

where the conversation is taking place, what

objects are present, what actions are occurring...

(a)  

What speakers know about the world. The background knowledge is shared by

the speakers.

(a)  

the set of other words used in the same phrase or sentence or utterance.

(a)  

The social relationship between the

speaker(s) and hearer(s)

(a)  

A technical term known as deictic expressions

(from Greek) which means ‘pointing’ via language.

(a)  

(a)   usually requires a speaker and a hearer

sharing the same context and it is an application of

a general pragmatic principle which says that the

more two speakers have in common, the less

language they will need to identify familiar things.

• Pointing to things:

- it , this, these boxes...

• Pointing to people :

- I , you, he, she, it , him , them , those idiots ...

(a)  

the deictic categories of speaker, addressee, and other(s) are elaborated with markers of relative social status.

(a)  

here, there, near that...

Some verbs of motion have a deictic sense:

- ‘come’ (movement toward the speaker)

- ‘go’ (movement away from the speaker).

(a)  

now , then , last week, yesterday, today,

tonight, tomorrow , this week, next month,

from now on, in the future, ...

(a)  

self-explicit in that it is used

primarily in a discourse unit and for discoursal

purpose.

(a)  

‘to begin with, first, next, in

the following paragraph, last but not least,

etc.

(a)  

an act by which a speaker (or writer) uses language to enable a listener (or reader) to identify somebody or something

(a)  

the relationship that holds between a word or expression and the objects it refers to

(a)  

(a)   is variable and utter-dependent. By means of reference, a speaker wants to indicate a particular thing in a particular situation, not things in general.

A word or a phrase can have a range of

reference called (a)  

(a)   : textual

(a)   : situational.

(a)   is the use of a word or a group of words which refer back to another part of the text. It can be defined as subsequent reference to an already introduced entity.

Anaphoric reference can be _______

(within a sentence) or ________ (across

sentences).

(a)  

(a)   is the use of a word or a phrase which refers forward to another word or phrase which will be used later in a text or conversation.

Anaphoric is (a)   than cataphoric.

An (a)   is additional information used

by the listener/hearer to create a connection

between what is said and what must be

meant.

What the speaker / writer assumes is true or known by the listener / reader before making an utterance.

(a)  

(a)   are communicative acts that convey an intended language function

An action performed by a speaker with an utterance such as: requesting, commanding, questioning, ordering, inviting, threatening, naming, advising or informing...

(a)  

a direct relationship between a structure and a function

(a)  

an indirect relationship between a structure and a function

(a)  

(a)   is language above the sentence or above the clause

(a)   is an approach to the analysis of language that examines patterns of language across texts and considers the relationship between language and the social and cultural contexts in which it is used.

(a)   is concerned with formal surface structures (syntax and lexis) to interact with underlying semantic relations or underlying functional coherence to create textual unity

(a)   is concerned with the sequencing of the configuration of the concepts and relation of the textual world which underlie and are realised by the surface text

Where a reference item moves us outside a text so that we can only make full sense of the text by referring to its context.

(a)  

If a reference is referring back to something

(a)  

If it is referring to something coming later.

(a)  

the omission of elements normally required by the grammar which the speaker / writer assumes are obvious from the context and therefore need not be raised. So the structure has a “missing” element which is supplied by the context.

(a)  

the device to show the

relationship between sentences and at the

same time avoids repetition.

(a)  

powerful sentence

connectors. They demonstrate the logical

relationships holding between sentences,

thus creating or expressing cohesion.

(a)  

the repetition of a lexical item

in order for a lexical item to be recognized

as repeated.

(a)  

refers to instances of lexical

cohesion which exist between two or more

words of one and the same semantic field,

possessing some common semantic

properties.

(a)  

(a)   is an approach to the analysis of spoken discourse that looks at the way in which people manage their everyday conversational interactions.

(a)   examines how spoken discourse is organized and develops as speakers carry out everyday conversational interactions.

(a)   is the main way in which people come together, exchange information, negotiate and maintain social relations

The recognizable potential end of a turn is called in CA a (a)  

A conversation is a string of at least two turns. Some turns are more closely related than others and they isolate a class of sequences of turns called

(a)  

(a)   is one adjacency pair within another.

(a)   is the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society.

the variety associated with administrative, commercial or educational centers, regardless of region

(a)  

The term ‘ (a)   ’ describes aspects of pronunciation that identify where an individual speaker is from, regionally or socially.

features of grammars and vocabulary as well as aspects of pronunciation

(a)  

the ability to speak two languages

(a)  

Individual billingualism due to (a)   : a member of a minority group grows up in one linguistic community, mainly speaking one language, but learns another language in order to take part in the larger dominant linguistic community.

Individual bilingualism in (a)   : two parent speak different languages. However, even in this type of bilingualism, one language tends to become the dominant one, with the other in a subordinate role.

a special situation which involves a “low” and a “high” variety. The “low” variety is acquired locally and used for everyday matters, while the “high” variety is learned in school and used for important matters.

(a)  

a variety of a language that developed for some practical purpose, such as trading, among groups of people who had a lot of contact, but who did not know each other’s languages. As such, it would have no native speakers.

(a)  

descendants from pidgins. When a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade or contact language and becomes the first language of a social community, it is

described as a (a)  

development from a pidgin to a creole.

(a)  

retreat from the use of the creole by those who have greater contact with a standard variety of the language

(a)  

In the analysis of social dialects, class is treated as the (a)   and the pronunciation or words as the linguistic variable.

In the analysis of social dialects, class is treated as the social variable and the pronunciation or words as the (a)   .

a feature of speech which marks the speaker as a member of a particular social group

(a)  

a social feature of language use. The most basic distinction is between formal use and informal use.

(a)  

a way of explaining the direction in which certain individual change their speech

(a)  

Change to a form of speakers with higher social status

(a)  

the status of a speech style or feature as having positive value, but which is “hidden” or not valued similarly among the larger community

(a)  

(a)   pays attention to the relation between language and power and the ideologies underlying discourse.

CDA percives discourse as (a)  

Discourse is both socially constituted and constitutive. T/F

(a)  

Discourse should be analyzed within its ____ _____

(a)  

Discourse functions (a)  

CDA is research with a (a)  

(a)   is cultural assumptions, political beliefs and institutional practices

The relationship between discourse and the social is the (a)   one

A change from one style to the other by an individual is called (a)  

The main source of words in the pidgin

(a)