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WorksheetsNephro Exam 2 - Heemer - Sodium and Water Disorders
Total questions: 48
Worksheet time: 24mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
How much is the water composition of a child
a)
0.45
b)
0.5
c)
0.55
d)
0.6
2.
How much is the water composition of an adult female younger than 70 years old
a)
0.45
b)
0.5
c)
0.55
d)
0.6
3.
How much is the water composition of an adult female 70 years and older
a)
0.45
b)
0.5
c)
0.55
d)
0.6
4.
How much is the water composition of an adult male younger than 70 years old
a)
0.45
b)
0.5
c)
0.55
d)
0.6
5.
How much is the water composition of an adult male 70 years and older
a)
0.45
b)
0.5
c)
0.55
d)
0.6
6.
What is the percentage of ICF in the body
a)
0.02
b)
0.08
c)
0.25
d)
0.35
e)
0.65
7.
What is the percentage of ECF in the body
a)
0.02
b)
0.08
c)
0.25
d)
0.35
e)
0.65
8.
What is the percentage of interstitial fluid in the body
a)
0.02
b)
0.08
c)
0.25
d)
0.35
e)
0.65
9.
What is the percentage of blood plasma/lymph in the body
a)
0.02
b)
0.08
c)
0.25
d)
0.35
e)
0.65
10.
What is the percentage of transcellular fluid in the body
a)
0.02
b)
0.08
c)
0.25
d)
0.35
e)
0.65
11.
What are the major effective osmoles of the ECF
a)
Na
b)
Cl
c)
HCO3
d)
K
e)
organic phosphate esters
12.
What are the major effective osmoles of the ICF
a)
na
b)
cl
c)
HCO3
d)
K
e)
organic phosphate esters
13.
Which receptor is located in the hypothalamus and controls blood osmolality by regulating water (the water balance determines serum sodium concentration)
a)
osmoreceptors
b)
baroreceptors
14.
Which receptor is located in the carotid arteries and aortic arch and controls blood volume and pressure by regulating sodium
a)
osmoreceptors
b)
baroreceptors
15.
When there is a volume depletion (hypovolemia) of fluid in the body, the osmolality is
a)
isotonic (normal)
b)
hypertonic (elevated)
c)
hypotonic (reduced)
16.
When there is dehydration in the body, the osmolality is
a)
isotonic (normal)
b)
hypertonic (elevated)
c)
hypotonic (reduced)
17.
When there is a fluid volume excess, the osmolality of the body is
a)
isotonic (normal)
b)
hypertonic (elevated)
c)
hypotonic (reduced)
18.
When the body is in a hypotonic hydration state, the osmolality is considered
a)
isotonic (normal)
b)
hypertonic (elevated)
c)
hypotonic (reduced)
19.
What diagnosis is the loss of sodium and water exceeding intake
a)
hypovolemia
b)
edema
c)
hyponatremia
d)
hypernatremia
e)
diabetes insipidus
20.
What are some signs/symptoms of hypovolemia
a)
decreased plasma volume
b)
postural hypotension, postural tachycardia, decreased jugular venous pressure
c)
nonspecific symptoms
d)
hypovolemic shock
21.
What are some causes of extrarenal hypovolemia
a)
GI- vomiting, nasogastric suctioning, drainage, fistula, diarrhea
b)
skin/respiratory- insensible losses, sweat, burns
c)
hemorrhage
d)
3rd space accumulation
e)
diuretics
22.
What are some causes of renal hypovolemia
a)
diuretics
b)
osmotic diuresis
c)
hypoaldosteronism
d)
salt wasting nephropathies
e)
hemorrhage
23.
How is hypovolemia diagnosed
a)
history and physical exam
b)
BUN and SCr tend to be elevated
c)
the body reabsorb Na and H2O
d)
BUN and SCr tend to be low
24.
What is the goal of hypovolemia treatment
a)
restore to euvolemia
b)
reduce/eliminate symptoms
c)
replace lost fluid and ongoing losses with similar fluid
d)
providing excess water to replace fluid and make up for the loss
25.
If an adult has edema, the interstitial volume increases by
a)
2-3 L
b)
2.5-3 L
c)
3-4 L
d)
4-4.5 L
e)
5-5.5 L
26.
If an adult has edema, the ECF volume increases by
a)
2-3 L
b)
2.5-3 L
c)
3-4 L
d)
4-4.5 L
e)
5-5.5 L
27.
Edema develops when there is a
a)
defect in renal sodium excretion
b)
decrease in EABV despite a normal ECF
c)
increase in capillary or venous pressure
d)
alteration in startling forces
28.
What are the goals of treatment for edema
a)
minimize tissue edema
b)
restore normal organ function
c)
relieve symptoms
29.
What are different treatments of edema
a)
not always required
b)
diuretics
c)
treat underlying disease
d)
restrict Na in diet
e)
consume extra Na in diet
30.
What are some reasons why a patient may have diuretic resistance
a)
increased Na reabsorption in distal tubule
b)
impaired delivery of diuretic to site of action
c)
decreased intrinsic activity
d)
decreased Na reabsorption in distal tubule
e)
increased intrinsic activity
31.
What are some ways diuretic resistance can be overcome
a)
increasing dose
b)
combining with a thiazide diuretic
c)
decreasing dose
d)
stopping other thiazide diuretics
32.
When treating a patient for edema, what should be monitored
a)
BP, pulse
b)
auscultation of lungs
c)
skin turgor
d)
extent of edema
e)
electrolytes
33.
Which condition is the most common electrolyte disturbance in hospitals
a)
hypernatremia
b)
hyponatremia
c)
hyperkalemia
d)
hypokalemia
34.
What is considered hyponatremia
a)
<135 mEq/L
b)
<145 mEq/L
c)
<155 mEq/L
d)
<165 mEq/L
35.
What are some risk factors for hyponatremia
a)
advancing age
b)
younger age
c)
residents in nursing homes
d)
marathoners
36.
What is the serum osmolality considered when it is <280 mOsm/L
a)
hypotonic hyponatremia
b)
isotonic hyponatremia
c)
hypertonic hyponatremia
37.
What is the serum osmolality considered when it is about 280 mOsm/L
a)
hypotonic hyponatremia
b)
isotonic hyponatremia
c)
hypertonic hyponatremia
38.
What is the serum osmolality considered when it is >280 mOsm/L
a)
hypotonic hyponatremia
b)
isotonic hyponatremia
c)
hypertonic hyponatremia
39.
What is necessary to determine whether or not a patient has hyponatremia
a)
osmolality of serum
b)
molarity of serum
c)
weight of serum
d)
blood pressure
e)
blood glucose
40.
What are some causes of isotonic hyponatremia
a)
hyperlipidemia
b)
hyperproteinemia
c)
hyperglycemia
d)
glycine irrigation during surgery
e)
osmotic diuretics
41.
What are some causes of hypertonic hyponatremia
a)
diarrhea, excess sweat
b)
adrenal insufficiency
c)
hyperglycemia
d)
glycine irrigation during surgery
e)
osmotic diuretics
42.
What is the most common type of hyponatremia
a)
hypotonic hyponatremia
b)
isotonic hyponatremia
c)
hypertonic hyponatremia
43.
You should not raise Serum Na+ more than ___ per 24 hours
a)
10 mEq/L
b)
15 mEq/L
c)
12 mEq/L
d)
24 mEq/L
44.
What are some causes of hypovolemic hypotonic hyponatremia
a)
diarrhea
b)
diuretics
c)
adrenal insufficiency
d)
excess sweat
45.
What is the most common cause of euvolemic hypotonic hyponatremia
a)
SIADH
b)
renal insufficiency
c)
adrenal insufficiency
d)
hypothyroidism
e)
polydipsia
46.
What are the causes of hypervolemic hypotonic hyponatremia
a)
CHF
b)
cirrhosis
c)
nephrotic syndrome
d)
SIADH
47.
What is considered hypernatremia
a)
>135 mEq/L
b)
>145 mEq/L
c)
>155 mEq/L
d)
>165 mEq/L
48.
What symptoms present for hypernatremia
a)
decrease in neuronal cell volume
b)
increase in neuronal cell volume
c)
weakness
d)
restlessness
e)
confusion
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