Indo-European is a matter of culture, not of genes.

We call it Proto Indo-European because at the beginning of historical times languages derived from it were spoken from Europe in the west to India in the east.

The term Indo-European has no racial connotations; it refers only to the culture of a group of people who lived in a relatively small area in early times and who spoke a more or less unified language out of which many languages have developed over thousands of years.

Early scholars classified languages as isolating, agglutinative, incorporative, and inflective.

_____ is from the Latin form of the name of Noah's eldest son.

_____ is from the name of Noah's second son, Ham.

Languages may be related to each other more distantly in macrofamilies, or superfamilies.

The Indo-European languages are either satem languages or _____ languages.

An asterisk before a form indicates that it is a reconstruction based on comparative study.

The _____ languages tend to be spoken in the West and the satem languages in the East, although Tocharian, the Eastern most of all Indo-European tongues, belongs to the centum group.

Indic dialects developed long before _____ became a refined learned language.

The word Romany has nothing to do with _____, but is derived from the word rom 'Human Being'.

Old Persian is the ancestor of modern Iranian.

Albanian has a mixed vocabulary, with words from Italian, Slavic, Turkish, and ______.

______ denotes two closely related languages of the Indo-European family called Tocharian A (East Tocharian or Turfanian) and Tocharian B (West Tocharian or Kuchean).

In ancient times there were many ______ dialects, among them Mycenaean, Aeolic, Doric, and Attic-Ionic.

In ancient Italy, the main Indo-European language is _____.

_____ shows such striking correspondences with italic in its verbal system and inflectional endings that the relationship between them must have been close, though not so close as that between Indic and Iranian or Baltic and Slavic.

The ______ group is particularly important for us because it includes English.

During the eighteenth-century "Age of Reason", the term Gothic was applied to the "dark ages" of the medieval period.

Words that come from the same source are said to be _____.

The Sanskrit verb cognate with English to bear 'I bear' is...

The comparatively few verbs lacking such a vowel in Indo-European are called athematic.

Germanic p (that is) corresponds as a rule to Proto-Indo-European t (p. 71).

Indo-European nouns were inflected for eight cases: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative, locative, and instrumental.

The subject of a sentence is (They saw me).

The person addressed is... (Officer, I need help)

The direct object is (They saw me).

The processor or source (Shakespeare's play).

Indirect object, recipient (Give her a hand)

What is separated (He abstained from it).

Place where (We stayed home).

Means, Instrument (She ate with chopsticks).

Function words like prepositions but come after, instead of before, a noun.

Most languages can be identified as basically either VO (Verb Object) languages (like English) or OV (Object Verb) languages.

The Germanic languages have two tenses: the present and the preterit (or past).

Verbs using a dental suffix were called weak by the early German grammarian Jacob Grimm because they needed the help of a suffix to show past time.

Vowel changes in the strong verbs are called ablaut (gradation) (p. 75).

Indo-European vowels were modified in Germanic. (p. 76)

The First Sound Shift or Grimm's Law includes the Indo-European stops (bh, dh, gh, p, t, k, b, d, and g).

_______'s Law are voiceless fricatives become voiced when they were in a voiced environment and the Indo-European stress was not on the immediately preceding syllable. (p. 79)

In West and North Germanic the z that resulted from Verner's Law appears as r.

West and North Germanic had a kind of Vowel alternation called ______ (p. 80).

The Continental home of the English was north of the area in which the High German shift occurred (p. 81).

The z that developed from earlier s appears as r in all recorded Germanic languages except Gothic.

We have some remnants of the changes described by Verner's Law in present-day English. (p. 79)

The sound __ was infrequent in Indo-European and extremely so at the beginning of words. (p. 78)

The Indo-European voiced stops b, d, g became respectively the voiceless stops p, t, k.

Early studies of the Indo-European languages focused on cognate words and on inflections. (p. 72)