A relatively large, densely populated settlement with a much larger population than rural towns and villages; cities serve as a n important commercial, governmental, and cultural hubs for their surrounding regions.

Relating to a city

Crop yields that are sufficient to feed more people than the farmer and his or her family.

The structuring of society into distinct socioeconomic classes, including leadership (for instance a government or ruling class) that excersize control over goods and people.

The agricultural and socioeconomic innovations that led to the rise of the earliest cities.

Regions in which the world first cities evolved.

An absolute location on planet Earth

The relative location of a place in reference to its surrounding features or its regional position with reference to other places.

An economic and political system in which a countries trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profits rather than owned and run by the state.

An economic and political system in which all property is publicly owned and managed.

A settlement outside of a city with streetcar lines; the streetcars take residents into and out of the city easily.

The industrial innovations in mining and manufacturing that led to increased Urban Growth

A set of activities intended to revitalize an area that has fallen on hard times.

A very large and densely populated city, particularly the capital or major city of a country or region

Any self governing place in the United States that contains at least 2500 people

In the United States, and Urban Area with more than 50,000 inhabitants

In the United States an Urban Area with fewer than 50000 inhabitants

In the United States a region with at least one urbanized area at its core.

In the United States a region with one or more urban clusters of at least 10000 people at its cores

A populated area on the outskirts of a city

The percentage of a nations population living in town and cities.

The movement of people from Urban Core Areas to the surrounding outskirts of a city.

The tendency of city's to grow outward in an unchecked manner.

Cities who's size and shape are dictated by and almost require individual automobile ownership

IN an Urban context to move business operations from core city areas into outlying areas such as suburbs.

A concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment that developed in the suburbs, outside of a city's traditional downtown or central business district.

A place with more than 10,000 residents that is not a core city in a metropolitan area; a large suburb with its own government.

The building of new retail, business or residential spaces on vacant or underused parcels already- in developed areas.

A semi rural district located beyond the suburbs that is often inhabits by well to do families.

A city that is a control center of the global economy in which major decisions are made about the world commercial networks and financial markets.

A private governed highly secure residential area within the bounds of a city; often has a fence or a gate surrounding it.

A set of independent cities or Urban places connected by networks.

A ranking of cities with the largest and most powerful cities at the top of a hierarchy.

The population of a settlement is inversely proportional to its rank in the Urban Hierarchy.

A city that is much larger than any other city in the country and that dominates the country's economic, political, and cultural life.

A model developed by Walter Christaller that attempts to understand why cities are located where they are.

A settlement that makes certain types of products and services available to consumers.

In central place theory the distance people will travel to acquire a good

In central place theory the number of people required to support a business.

The idea that the closer two places are the more they will influence each other.

A model of a city's internal organization developed by E.W. Burgess organized in five concentric rings that model the arrangement of different residential zones radiating outward from a a central business district

A model of a city's internal organization; developed by Homer Hoyt, that focuses on transportation and communication as the drivers of the city's layout.

A model of a city's internal organization developed by Clauncy Harris and Edward Ullman showing residential districts organized around several nodes rather than one central central business district

A model of a city's internal organization in which the central business district remains central but multiple shopping area, office parks, and industrial districts are scattered throughout the surrounding suburbs and linked by metropolitan.

A model of the internal strucuture of the Latin America City developed by Ernst Griffen and Larry Ford.

The displacement of lower income residents by higher income residents as an area neighborhood improves.

The general impression of the estimated number of people present in a given area.

Laws that dictate how land can be used

Occurs when city revenues cannot keep up with increasing demands for city services and expenditures on decaying urban structure

The human made space in which people live, work, and engage in leisure activities on a daily basis

Policies that combat regional sprawl by addressing issues of population density and transportation.

Development that grows up (in the form of taller buildings) rather than out (in the form of urban sprawl

Policy that encourages building quality housing for people and families of all life stages and income levels in a range of prices within a neighborhood.

An approach to city planning that focuses on fostering European style cities of dense settlements, attractive architecture, and housing of different types and prices within walking distance to shopping, restaurants, jobs, and public transportation.

A zone of grassy, forested or agricultural land separating urban areas.

The classification of land according to restrictions on its use and development.

A city that changes its zoning laws to decrease the rate at which the city spreads horizontally with a goal of avoiding the negative effects of sprawl.

Advocates for poor and working class residents who are at risk of losing their affordable housing to new development.

Racial Segregation that is not supported by law but is still apparent

A loan that is taken out to purchase a home.

The practice of identifying high risk neighborhoods on a city map and refusing to lend money to people who want to buy property in those neighborhoods.

A practice in which realtors persuade white homeowners in a neighborhood to sell their homes by convincing them that the neighborhood is declining due to black families moving in.

The mass movement of white people from a city to the suburbs.

The maximum price that a buyer can afford to pay for a house or apartment.

A federal government program to assist very low-income families, the elderly and the disabled with affordable, decent, safe, and sanitary housing.

A category of crime that includes murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault

Formal or informal institutions that help to maintain law and order in a place.

Occurs when certain groups carry a larger share of environmental risks and hazards than groups who have the power to influence decisions about the environment.

Occurs when areas inhabited by low-income people of color are targeted for environmental contamination

An area of seemingly temporary, inadequate, and often illegal housing

The right to own or hold property; it defines the ways in which rights to that property are managed.

Municipal and country planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable for people with low to moderate incomes.

Zoning that attempts to keep low to moderate income people out of a neighborhood.

The movement to fix environmental mental discrimination

People who try to prevent the construction of affordable housing and other types of development in their neighborhood.

Housing that cost much less then the going rate

Large Scale development of the built environment in downtown and older inner city neighborhoods.

Occurs when a government must spend more than it receives in taxes.

The practice of using local land use regulation to preserve and possibly enhance the local property tax base.

The total amount of natural resources used and their impact on the natural environment.

A mass of warm air in cities, generated by urban building material and human activities.

The spatial extent of an urban area's impacts on the natural environment

The idea that disasters and disaster risks become urban phenomena as the world's population becomes increasingly concentrated in large cities.

Properties whose use or development may be complicated by the potential presence of hazardous substances or pollutants.

The process of removing or sealing off contaminants so that a site may be used again without any health concerns.

The removal of contaminants with plant species that react with or degrade contaminants or draw up contaminants from the soil into shoots and leaves.

U.S. law that grants municipalities oversight over federally funded development projects on farmland.

Subdivisions or developments that do not border on existing settlements and that remove agricultural land from production.