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Worksheetsch 16 testbank
Total questions: 50
Worksheet time: 25mins
Which of the following occurs following absorption of glucose?
Glucose is stored as fat in skeletal muscle.
Glucose is stored as glycogen in adipose tissue.
Glucose is converted to fat in the liver.
Glucose is used to make energy by only the brain.
Which correctly describes an action of the hormone insulin?
It increases the uptake and utilization of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue cells.
It is required for the uptake and utilization of glucose by nervous tissue.
It decreases the uptake of amino acids by muscle cells.
It stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver.
Which of the following does NOT characterize the postabsorptive state?
Hyperglycemia occurs.
Gluconeogenesis occurs.
Glucose-sparing reactions occur.
Insulin secretion is lower than in the absorptive state.
In Addison's disease, the adrenal cortices degenerate. Which will result if a patient with this disease undergoes prolonged fasting?
hypoglycemia
hyperglycemia
excessive lipolysis
decreased insulin sensitivity
Endogenous pyrogen:
is released by infection-fighting leukocytes and acts on muscle tissue
is released by the hypothalamus and acts on infection-fighting leukocytes.
is released by infection-fighting leukocytes and has the same action as aspirin.
is released by infection-fighting leukocytes and acts on the temperature-integrating centers of the hypothalamus.
Acclimatization to a hot environment includes which of these physiological changes?
decreased volume and increased salt concentration of sweat glands
decreased volume and salt concentration of sweat from the sweat glands
increased volume and salt concentration of sweat from the sweat glands
increased volume and decreased salt concentration of sweat from the sweat glands
The primary integrator of body temperature control reflexes is the:
medullary cardiovascular center.
cerebral cortex.
thyroid gland.
hypothalamus.
The principal means of increasing heat production in response to a cold environment is:
vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin
shivering thermogenesis and increased voluntary activity.
vasodilation of blood vessels in skin.
increasing food intake to elevate the metabolic rate.
The thermoneutral zone is defined as:
the region in the central core of the body where temperature never changes.
the core body temperature at which no energy is expended to maintain homeostasis.
the environmental temperature range over which the changes in skin blood flow alone can regulate body temperature.
the environmental temperature range in which shivering, changes in blood flow, and changes in thyroid hormone concentrations can maintain homeostasis of the body's core temperature.
Ghrelin is secreted by _______________, and increases ________________ while decreasing _________________.
cells in the stomach; neuropeptide Y secretion; appetite
adipose tissue; growth hormone secretion; leptin secretion
muscle tissue; appetite; growth hormone secretion
cells in the stomach; appetite; fat breakdown
The subjective feeling of hunger is stimulated when:
plasma insulin concentration increases.
plasma ghrelin concentration decreases.
plasma leptin concentration decreases.
plasma glucose concentration increases.
If more calories are ingested in food than are expended by metabolism:
a person will gain weight
a person will lose weight.
a person will stay the same weight because the excess energy is destroyed
whether weight is gained or lost depends upon whether the calories are in the form of proteins, carbohydrates, or fat.
A person who is hypothyroid would be expected to:
have an increased basal metabolic rate.
have reduced tolerance for cold temperatures.
lose body weight.
be restless and irritable.
Which factor, when increased, increases metabolic rate to the greatest extent?
skeletal muscle activity
mental activity
dietary caloric intake
blood glucose levels
A person's lowest metabolic rate
occurs during sleep.
occurs when they are younger.
occurs during exercise.
occurs after a meal.
Which of the following lists exclusively contains only variables that determine a person's basal metabolic rate?
gender, weight, age, and muscular activity
age, height, and recent ingestion of food
environmental temperature variations, body surface area, and emotional state
gender, age, body surface area, and circulating levels of thyroid hormone
Which of the following contributes to a catabolic state?
increased plasma cortisol concentration
increased plasma androgen concentrations
increased plasma insulin concentration
decreased plasma glucagon concentration
Which is NOT stimulated by the hormone insulin?
an increase in the number of glucose transporters in cell membranes
an increase in glycogen synthesis
an increase in triglyceride synthesis
an increase in ketone synthesis
Which of the following leads to an increase in the ratio of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol?
estrogens
cigarette smoking
exercise
weight reduction
Which of the following statements regarding plasma cholesterol concentration and the development of atherosclerosis is correct?
It is preferable to have a high concentration of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in the plasma because LDLs operate to remove cholesterol from the peripheral tissues and carry it to the liver, which secretes it into the small intestine.
It is preferable to have a high concentration of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) in the plasma because HDLs operate to remove cholesterol from the peripheral tissues and carry it to the liver, which secretes it into the small intestine.
It is preferable to have equal concentrations of LDL and HDL.
Neither LDL nor HDL are involved in cholesterol regulation.
Which of these is found in chylomicrons and plasma membranes, and is a precursor for bile salts and steroid hormones?
amino acids
cholesterol
phospholipids
monoglycerides
Cholesterol is a:
precursor of steroid hormones.
component of DNA.
precursor of bile pigments.
carbohydrate.
In subjects with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, which of these occurs?
Pancreatic beta cell responses to increased plasma glucose concentration are normal.
Target tissues respond poorly to insulin.
Hypoglycemia is typically the first symptom.
Severe ketoacidosis is common.
Which is a symptom of untreated type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus?
low plasma ketones
increased blood volume
decreased respiration
hyperglycemia
Which would NOT be a characteristic of a person with untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus?
decreased glycogen stores in muscles
increased glucose-bound hemoglobin
decreased blood pH
decreased thirst
In untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), acidosis occurs because:
kidney failure results in a decreased ability to excrete the normal amount of H+
excess plasma glucose is taken up by the liver and converted to fatty acids.
insulin levels are extremely high, and insulin is an acidic protein hormone.
excessive lipolysis results in increased plasma fatty acid levels, which the liver converts to acidic ketones.
Which of the following is NOT a symptom that is associated with untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus)?
hypoglycemia
metabolic acidosis
dehydration
glucosuria (glucose in urine)
Which event occurs during exercise but NOT during fasting?
increased breakdown of triglycerides
increased glycogenolysis
increased glucose uptake by muscle
increased fatty acid oxidation
During exercise:
blood glucose levels fall dramatically.
epinephrine and glucagon stimulate glycogenolysis in liver cells.
decreased blood glucose and increased epinephrine stimulate insulin secretion.
epinephrine stimulates glucagon secretion and inhibits skeletal muscle uptake of glucose.
During fasting, ketones produced by the liver:
are a waste product of amino acid metabolism that the kidneys must excrete.
can be used by the brain as an energy source.
are a by-product of anaerobic metabolism.
are converted to fatty acids and released into the blood.
Which accurately describes the metabolic actions of cortisol during fasting?
It decreases blood glucose by increasing the sensitivity of muscle and adipose tissue to insulin.
It increases sensitivity of muscle and adipose to insulin, and inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver.
It directly stimulates gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, and increases sensitivity of muscle and adipose tissue to insulin.
It is permissive of gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, and reduces sensitivity of muscle and adipose tissue to insulin.
Which of the following is most descriptive of a state of prolonged fasting?
The secretion of insulin, glucagon, ACTH, and cortisol would all be increased.
Brain metabolism will shift to increase utilization of glucose and to decrease oxidation of ketones.
Muscle protein will be broken down to provide substrates for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis.
The secretion of insulin, glucagon, ACTH, and cortisol will all be decreased.
Which of the following acts to decrease blood glucose levels?
glucagon
insulin
growth hormone
epinephrine
Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by decreased levels of:
epinephrine.
insulin.
glucocorticoids.
growth hormone.
Which of the following would increase gluconeogenesis?
increased plasma insulin levels
increased plasma incretin levels
increased plasma cortisol levels
decreased plasma glucagon levels
Which of the following is a major metabolic effect of glucagon?
increased glucose uptake by muscle cells
increased triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue
decreased gluconeogenesis in liver
increased glycogenolysis in liver
The major metabolic effects of glucagon include:
stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.
stimulating glucose uptake into skeletal muscle cells.
stimulating the activity of glycogen synthase in the liver.
inhibiting the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase in the liver.
Glucagon secretion is stimulated by:
hypoglycemia and parasympathetic nerve firing.
hyperglycemia and a high concentration of epinephrine.
hypoglycemia and high plasma epinephrine concentration.
hyperglycemia and high plasma incretin concentration.
When plasma glucose concentration increases, the secretion of insulin is ________ and the secretion of glucagon is ________. An increase in sympathetic activity will cause ________ secretion of insulin and ________ secretion of glucagon.
decreased; increased; increased; decreased
increased; decreased; decreased; increased
increased; decreased; increased; decreased
increased; increased; decreased; increased
With regard to fat metabolism, insulin increases:
the activity of lipoprotein lipase, which leads to increased triglyceride synthesis
the export of fatty acids and monoglyceride from adipocytes.
the activity of hormone-sensitive lipase, which synthesizes triglycerides.
the activity of hormone-sensitive lipase, which catabolizes triglycerides.
Which results from insulin binding to its receptor in skeletal muscle plasma membranes?
Glycogen synthase is stimulated.
Glycogen phosphorylase is stimulated.
Lipoprotein lipase is inhibited.
Glucose transport into the cell is inhibited.
During the postabsorptive phase of metabolism:
glycogen in muscle cells is broken down to glucose, which is released into the blood.
liver glycogen is broken down to glucose, which is released into the blood
triacylglycerols in adipose tissue are broken down to glucose by lipolysis.
the liver exports lactate to the muscles, which use it for fuel.
Which of the following tissues is most dependent upon a constant blood supply of glucose?
liver
brain
adipose
skeletal muscle
During the absorptive state of metabolism, amino acids:
are used for protein synthesis in most body cells.
are used for glycogen synthesis in the liver.
may be converted to ketones in the liver.
are burned as fuel in muscles, creating urea as a waste product.
Dietary amino acids in a meal that are in excess of the body's need to make protein are:
converted to glucose in the liver.
converted to fatty acids in the liver.
excreted without being absorbed.
converted to fatty acids in adipose cells.
Excess absorbed glucose is initially converted to triacylglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein by:
adipose cells.
liver cells.
intestinal mucosa cells.
muscle cells.
What enzyme converts chylomicron triacylglycerols into fatty acids and monoglycerides?
pancreatic lipase
pancreatic amylase
lipoprotein lipase
pepsin
Which is TRUE regarding chylomicrons?
They readily cross the plasma membrane of adipocytes.
They are converted to monoglycerides and fatty acids by an enzyme inside muscle cells.
They are converted to monoglycerides and fatty acids by an enzyme found inside capillaries.
They are formed in the lumen of the GI tract by the action of bile salts.
During the absorptive state of metabolism,
Liver glycogen is broken down to glucose, which is released into the blood.
Glycogen in muscle cells is broken down to glucose, which is used for energy.
Lipoprotein lipase breaks down triacylglycerols in adipose tissue capillaries.
Fatty acids and glycerol are released from adipose tissue.
Which of the following is NOT a fate of absorbed glucose?
It is converted to glycogen by liver cells.
It is converted to fatty acids and alpha-glycerol phosphate in adipose cells.
It is converted to glycogen in muscle cells.
It is converted to urea by liver cells.
