Nuclear power plants are a type of powerplant that use the process of nuclear fission in order to generate electricity. - They do this by using nuclear reactors in combination with the Rankine Cycle, where the heat generated by the reactor converts water into steam, which spins a turbine and a generator.

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The term ‘wind energy’ or ‘wind power’ collectively describes the process by which the moving air or wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity.

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is renewable organic material that comes from plants and animals. - It is the largest source of total annual U.S energy consumption until the mid- 1800s

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is a form of power produced by the natural rise and fall of tides caused by gravitational interaction between Earth, the Sun, and the Moon.

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are made from decomposing plants and animals. - These fuels are found in the Earth’s crust and contain carbon and hydrogen, which can be burned for energy.

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- it is a material usually found in sedimentary rock deposits where rock and dead plant and animal matter are piled up in layers.

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in the country are also used to provide useful necessities for the daily activities of the people such as in electricity and other forms of energy.

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is a fossil energy source that formed deep beneath the earth’s surface. - It contains many different compounds.

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is a form of energy that harnesses the power of water in motion such as water flowing over a waterfall to generate electricity. - A turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy of falling water into mechanical energy. Then a generator converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy.

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is the heat from the earth. It’s clean and sustainable.

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‘Geo

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Therme

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– the sun heats up the liquid water and it changes it to gas by the process of

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– the process of evaporation from plants

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– the process as the water rises higher in the atmosphere it starts to cool and become a liquid again

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when the water in the clouds gets too heavy, the water falls back to the earth.

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water that is collected in rivers, streams and oceans

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the movement of water through the atmosphere, specifically from over the oceans to over land

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when water falls on the ground and soaks into the soil.

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when water seeps deeper into tiny spaces in the soil and rock.

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Largest area and volume of water. - Contain more than 97% of the Earth’s water.

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Contain almost 90% of fresh water. - Situate mostly in Antarctica (85%), Greenland (10%), and other snow mountain(5%)

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is water in the rock and soil layer beneath Earth’s surface. - Absorb excess runoff rain and snow on ground. - Return to lakes, streams, rivers and/or marshes. - Is readily available for use and drinking.

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are created from variety of geological events

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Contribute 91,000km3 (about 0.007% of total Earth’s water) - Provide water for agricultural irrigation, industrial processes, municipal uses and residential water supplies.

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Possess 85,000km3 (about 0.006% of total Earth’s water)’ water cannot be used due to high salinity

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are bodies of flowing surface water driven by gravity. - Rivers and Streams contain only 2,120km3 (about 0.6% of liquid freshwater surface and around 0.0002% of the Earth’s water.)

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are areas of land where water covers the surface for at least part of the year. - They are not as important as lakes and rivers for water storage.

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contains about 0.001% of total Earth’s water. - It is around 4% of air volume in th

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Annual water supplies are less than 1,700m3 per person

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Annual water supplies are less than 1,000m3 per person.

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Annual water supplies are less than 500m3 per person.

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is the loose surface material that covers most land. - It consists of inorganic particles and organic matter.

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refers to studying soil and all its aspects (such as chemical and physical properties) in its natural environment.

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is the study of how soil influences living things.

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The development of soil is through a process known as

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refers to the characteristics of weather as they evolve over time scales longer than those necessary for soil properties to develop.

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is the initial state of the solid matter making up a soil.

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Contains small rock particles and decayed matter called humus.

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- Located beneath the topsoil and made up of mostly pebbles

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Formed when solid rock breaks up and poorest material in the soil.

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During its formation, the soil is arranged in different layers.

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‘O’ is for organic. - This layer is the uppermost layer of the soil rich in organic matter, such as the remains of plants and dead animals. - Due to high organic content, this layer is typically black brown or dark brown.

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Found below the O horizon, it has a dark brown color as it contains the maximum organic matter of the soil. - The is thus also called the humus layer.

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This layer consists of nutrients leached from O and A horizons and is thus called the

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Mostly found below the topsoil is another layer called the . - It is lighter in color than the topsoil due to lower humus content. - However, it is comparatively more rigid and compact than the topsoil.

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Also known as regolith or saprolite, it lies just below the subsoil. It is called the parent rock because all the upper layers developed from this layer

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Found beneath all the layers, it consists of unweathered igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. - It is highly compact. Granite, basalt, quartzite, sandstone, and limestone make up the bedrock.

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particles greater than 2mm in diameter

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particles less than 2mm and greater than 0.2mm in diameter

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particles between 0.2mm and 0.02mm in diameter

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particles between 0.02mm and 0.002mm in diameter

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particles less than 0.002mm in diameter.

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It consists of small particles of weathered rock.

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which is known to have much smaller particles compared to sandy soil and is made up of rock and other mineral particles, which are smaller than sand and larger than clay.

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y is the smallest particle amongst the other two types of soil. - The particles in this soil are tightly packed together with each other with very little or no airspace.

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It is a combination of sand, silt and clay such that the beneficial properties from each is included.

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The color of the will be black or dark brown in color. - It can be compressed easily due to the presence of high-water content in it and feels soft when touched and it is also rich in organic matter

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In extremely dry conditions, this soil will usually be brackish due to its high salt content.

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Chalky soils are derived from chalk or limestone and, as a result, are alkaline in nature

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Has pH above 7 and relatively concentration of hydrogen ions. - Found mostly in some western soils.

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Comes from the Greek word “pedon” meaning soil, and the chemical symbols Al (Aluminum) and Fe (Iron)

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Comes from the Greek word “pedon” meaning soil, and the first three letters of calcite (Calcium Carbonate).

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Found in hot, wet tropical climates where weathering is very intense so soils here are usually deeper. - Contain no humus and poor for growing crops.

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When rocks are breaking into smaller pieces whether physically or chemically, it is known as weathering.

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A process in which water freezes in a crack of a rock and then the expansion edges the rock apart.

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A process wherein tectonic forces lift deeply buried rocks close to the surface and then erosion removes overlying rock, removing the pressure and causing the rock to expand and fracture.

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A process that consists of the grinding and rounding of rock surfaces by friction and impact caused by waves and glaciers.

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A process in which a crack in a rock is expanded by plant roots or broken by animals and human activities.

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Occurs when temperature changes rapidly, causing the surface of the rock to heat or cool

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This happens when rocks break up into tiny pieces and change rock’s composition or internal structure of minerals.

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A process in which a mineral or rock dissolves in water forming a solution like halite (rock salt) dissolved in water.

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A process in which a mineral reacts with water to form a new mineral that has water as part of its crystal structure like feldspar to clay

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A process in which a mineral decomposes when it reacts with oxygen like the rusting of iron.

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s a surface process characterized by removal of rocks particles from where they were formed

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It is the movement of rock, soil, and regolith downward due to the action of gravity. - It occurs on both terrestrial and submarine slopes

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