- Are automatically created cognitive frameworks that help guide the

way we think about and understand the world around us.

- Mental frameworks centering on a specific theme that help us to

organize social information.

- Ex. What happens when you visit your doctor? Or going to a

restaurant?

- To activate through stimulus.

- Once they are in place, schemas are activated through a stimulus.

- It dramatically affects our thinking EVEN when we are removed from

the initial stimuli that activated them.

• Ex. After watching horror movie, you feel nervous with no matter how

many times you tell to yourself “Its only a movie”.

- Is a type of schema in which we apply generalized information to an

individual based on the group to which he or she belong (positive or

negative)

- Once schema has been formed, it can be hard to change.

- The tendency for a schema to remain intact even when it comes up

against discrediting information (hard to change)

- Schemas can also lead to self-fulling prophecy, a prediction that cause

themselves to come true.

- Paying more information to sensory information that fits a given

schema, at the same time filtering out information that is inconsistent.

- Social thought can occur in either of two distinctly different ways: in a systematic, logical, and highly effortful manner known as controlled processing, or in a fast, relatively effortless, and intuitive manner known as automatic processing.

- Fast, intuitive, effortless, emotion driven, involves the amygdala and

the limbic system.

- Using schema and mental shortcuts without awareness.

the area of the brain thought to be crucial to

emotional processing and memory.

a small structure found in the medial temporal lobe of the

brain’s limbic system that is involved in automatic processing and emotion.

- A type of mental processing that takes purposeful thought and effort

as decision or course of action are weighed carefully (before a judgment is reached).

- Logical, careful, takes effort, involved prefrontal cortex.

the tendency for people to be more sensitive

and more likely to notice and remember negative information,

which then influences the evaluation of people and situation.

Ex. 1. The pain of losing the first love than to have another one.

2. The impact of losing 1,000 than receiving 1,000 pesos.

the belief that bad tings will happen to other people

and that the individual is more likely to experience good things in life. We generally expects that things will turn out well for us.

Ex. 1. Buying brand new car in installment basis (without thinking of the

possibility of losing a job or being il).

a state of having more confidence in one’s

judgment or control over a situation than is really justified.

Ex. 1. Overconfidence in one’s financial situations could lead a person

to take more debt than he can handle thinking that he will be able to

pay in the future.

the fact that we re more likely to remember

positive information when in a positive mood and negative

information when in a negative mood.

the fact that the mood that we are in

when we learn information may serve as retrieval cue when we try to

remember that information.

Simple rules that reduce mental effort and allow us to make decisions

or judgement quickly.

a rule used to estimate the likelihood of a

given occurrence based on how easily one can recall an example of that occurrence.

Ex. 1. Dengvaxia (A lot of Filipinos might not want their children to be

immunized by vaccine because of dengvaxia controversy)

2. Being strict with field trip because of Bus accident in Rizal. The

incident is still fresh in the mind.

a rule used to estimate the likelihood of

an event based on how will it fits with your expectations of a model for that event.

Ex. 1. Thinking that Jen is a librarian because she wears glasses and is

considered to be an introvert (ignoring other important information)

a heuristic in which we use a

number as a starting point on which to anchor our judgment.

Ex. 1. She is rich, therefore she is happy.

2. Based on survey, the politician who leads in the survey may be

interpreted as good.

an erroneous conclusion reached

when the representative heuristic is used to draw a conclusion without

considering the base rate. The mind tends to ignore the former and focus on the latter.

Ex. 1. Faith healing works. (Available scientific evidence does not

support claims that faith healing can cure cancer. But it may promote

peace of mind, reduce stress, relieve pain and anxiety and strengthen the will to live.