A lot of philosophers in the past tried to explain existence – both natural and phenomenal – through (a)   .

SOCRATES

(a)  

KNOW THYSELF

(a)  

A classical Greek Philosopher and a pioneer of Western Moral Philosophy.

(a)  

Mentor of Plato

(a)  

A stonemason

(a)  

Was not a writer

(a)  

His thoughts were known through Plato’s The Dialogue

(a)  

He was a brilliant debater and was idolized by many Athenians.

(a)  

(debaters in their time)

(a)  

One has to self-examine and discuss about the self as this is a duty to achieve what is the greatest good to a life.

(a)  

It is the goal of Socrative perspective to

better the quality of human life through consistent self-examination.

(a)  

PERSPECTIVE ON THE SELF: self is synonymous to the (a)   .

Believed on two (2) dichotomous realms: _____ and _____.

(a)  

Changeable, transient, and imperfect.

(a)  

The body belongs to the (a)   .

Unchanging, eternal, and immortal.

(a)  

The intellectual essences of the universe, concepts such as truth, goodness and beauty belong to the _______, so as the ____.

(a)  

The soul strives for (a)   , and reason through question and answer is the soul’s tool to achieve this exalted state.

BUT as long as the soul is tied to the body, the quest is inhibited by the physical imperfections. So, he suggested that man must live an examined life and a life of purpose and value.

(a)  

For him, an individual can only be happy and have a meaningful life if s/he becomes virtuous and knows his/her value by means of soul-searching.

(a)  

For him, an individual can only be happy and have a meaningful life if s/he becomes virtuous and knows his/her value by means of (a)   .

SOCRATES

The key to virtuous life: (a)   .

PLATO

(a)  

THE SELF IS AN IMMORTAL SOUL

(a)  

REAL NAME OF PLATO

(a)  

PLATO: THE SELF IS AN IMMORTAL SOUL (424-347BC)

Background:

→ Real name: Aristocles; was named Plato because

of his physical built which means, " (a)   ”

A classical Greek philosopher.

(a)  

Founder of The Academy in Athens

(a)  

(first institution of higher

learning in the western world)

(a)  

Mentor of Aristotle

(a)  

Wrote twenty Dialogues with Socrates as protagonist in most of them.

(a)  

Has a Theory of Love and Becoming

(a)  

Has a Theory of Forms

(a)  

THREE-PART SOUL IDEA OF PLATO

(a)  

Think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of

eternal truths.

(a)  

Basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual

desire.

(a)  

Basic emotions such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness,

and empathy.

(a)  

Genuine happiness can only be achieved by people who consistently make sure that their Reason is in control of their Spirits and Appetites.

(a)  

Permanent and real

(a)  

Temporary and only a replica of the ideal world.

(a)  

He claims that the sensible world is dependent on the ideal world where the concept of the soul belongs. Since the soul is regarded as something permanent, man should give more importance to it than the physical body which resides in the world of sense.

(a)  

(a)   is the force that paves way for all beings to ascent to higher stages of self-

realization and perfection.

(a)   begins in the experience that there is something lacking. Then it drives that

person to seek what is lacking. All thoughts and efforts are directed towards the

pursuit of that which is lacking. The deeper the thought, the stronger the love.

(a)   is way of knowing and realizing the truth. It is a process of seeking higher

stages of being. The greater the love, the more intellectual component it will

contain.

Lifelong longing and pursuit seek even higher stages of love which lead to the

possession of absolute beauty. It is this pursuit that motivates man and

transforms people and societies.

(a)  

HE SOUL IS THE ESSENCE OF THE SELF

(a)  

ARISTOTLE

(a)  

A Greek philosopher and scientist

(a)  

His debates and writings could be seen on Plato’s dialogues, though his works were mostly found in fragments.

(a)  

Ideas had strong Platonic influence.

(a)  

According to him, the dead are more blessed and

happier than the living, and to die is to return to one’s

real home.

(a)  

Believes that the soul is merely a set of defining features and does not consider the body and soul as separate entities.

(a)  

For him, anything with life has a soul.

(a)  

Humans differ because of their rational capacity.

(a)  

ARISTOTLE

Humans differ because of their (a)   -.

THREE KINDS OF SOUL ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE

(a)  

Physical body that can grow.

(a)  

Sensual desires, feelings, and emotions

(a)  

Intellect that allows man to know and understand things.

(a)  

Suggests that the rational nature of the self, which can be attained in self-actualization, is to lead a good, flourishing and fulfilling life.

(a)  

ARISTOTLE

Suggests that the rational nature of the self, which can be attained in (a)   , is to lead a good, flourishing and fulfilling life.

The pursuit of happiness is a search for a good life that includes doing virtuous actions.

(a)  

The rational soul is characterized by moral virtues such as justice and courage.

(a)  

ST. AUGUSTINE

(a)  

THE SELF HAS AN IMMORTAL SOUL

(a)  

A Christian theologian and philosopher

(a)  

Known for his writings: The City of God, On Christian

Doctrine, and Confessions

(a)  

Sin is the source of human unhappiness as sin impairs

human free will

(a)  

Developed the concept of individual identity: an idea

of the self eventually achieves an identity

(a)  

ST. AUGUSTINE

TWO PROCESS: ____________ leading to __________.

(a)  

One transforms as he struggles in both body and soul, to ultimately achieve

happiness specifically found in God’s love.

(a)  

Stressed that the mind is superior over the body

(a)  

Understanding the self and the formation of identity is achieved through introspection.

(a)  

TWO REALMS OF THOUGHTS:

o God as the source of all reality and truth.

o The sinfulness of man

(a)  

Humankind is created in the image and likeness of God. Everything God created is all good. Human person is always geared towards the good.

(a)  

Convinced that the self is known only through knowing God.

(a)  

Self-knowledge is a consequence of knowledge of God.

(a)  

(a)   is a consequence of knowledge of God.

For him, the truth refers to the truth of knowing God.

(a)  

(a)   is transcendent (beyond physical human experience) and the self seeks to be united with God through faith

and reason.

Develops a fundamental concept of human person, “I am doubting, therefore I am.”

(a)  

Agrees with the Greeks that man searches for happiness.

(a)  

God is love and He created humans for them to also love. BUT problems arise because of the objects humans choose to love.

(a)  

God is love and He created humans for them to also love. BUT problems arise because of the objects humans choose to (a)   .

Disordered love results when man loves the wrong things which he believes will give him happiness.

(a)  

Love of physical objects leads to the sin of greed.

(a)  

Love for people is not lasting and excessive love for them is the sin of jealousy.

(a)  

Love for the self leads to the sin of pride.

(a)  

Love for God is the supreme virtue and through loving God can man find real

happiness.

(a)  

Love of physical objects leads to the sin of (a)   .

Love for people is not lasting and excessive love for them is the sin of (a)   .

Love for the self leads to the sin of (a)   .

(a)   is the supreme virtue and through loving God can man find real

happiness.

I THINK, THEREFORE I AM

(a)  

RENÉ DESCARTES

(a)  

Father of modern western philosophy

(a)  

French mathematician, thinker, and philosopher

(a)  

Described the mind as “intellectual substance” that

possesses a will

(a)  

Described the mind as “ (a)   ” that

possesses a will

(RENE DESCARTES)

(a)   (I think therefore I am) is the keystone of his

beliefs.

The act of thinking about the self – of being self-conscious – is in itself proof that there is a self.

(a)  

The essence of human self is a thinking entity that doubts, understands, analyzes,

questions, and reasons.

(a)  

(a)   : nonmaterial, immortal, conscious being, independent

of the physical laws of the universe.

Material, mortal, fully governed by the laws of nature

(a)  

The soul and the body can function without the other.

(a)  

Bodily processes are mechanical. The body is like a machine that is controlled

by the will and aided by the mind.

(a)  

MIND-BODY PROBLEM

(a)  

JOHN LOCKE

(a)  

THE SELF IS CONSCIOUSNESS

(a)  

A prominent thinker during the “Age of Reason”

(a)  

Father of Liberalism

(a)  

Developed the concept of “tabula rasa” (at birth, the

mind is a blank slate without innate ideas, and it is

experience that provides us knowledge provided by

sensory [hear, smell, taste, see, feel] experiences and

reflections)

(a)  

(at birth, the

mind is a blank slate without innate ideas, and it is

experience that provides us knowledge provided by

sensory [hear, smell, taste, see, feel] experiences and

reflections)

(a)  

Personal identity is found in the consciousness.

(a)  

A person may be judged for the acts of his body but the truth, according to

him, is that one is liable only for the acts of which he is conscious.

(a)  

Knowledge results from ideas produced by objects that were experienced.

(a)  

TWO (2) FORMS ON PROCESSING KNOWLEDGE

(a)  

TWO (2) FORMS ON PROCESSING KNOWLEDGE

(a)  

Wherein objects are experienced through the senses

(a)  

The mind looks at the objects that were experienced to discover the

relationships that may exists between them

(a)  

Morals, religious and political values must come from sense experiences.

(a)  

Morality has to do with choosing and willing the good.

(a)  

Moral good depends on conformity or non-conformity of a person’s behavior towards some law.

(a)  

Actions that are praiseworthy are called virtues, vice to those

that are not.

(a)  

Right actions are enforced by people in authority.

(a)  

Set by God on the actions of man. Eternally true, one must follow.

(a)  

THERE IS NO SELF

(a)  

DAVID HUME

(a)  

A Scottish philosopher

(a)  

Reader of Locke’s views

(a)  

Became cynical about almost everything except

philosophy and general learning at the time he was

enrolled at the University of Edinburgh.

(a)  

Passion rather than reason governs human behavior.

Reason is only the slave of passion which implies that

logic and intellect is basically superseded by an

individual’s passion, drive, and motivation.

(a)  

Against the existence of innate ideas; all human knowledge is founded solely in

experience

(a)  

Through the process of introspection, one will discover that there is no self, only a

bundle of experiences and perceptions (Bundle Theory of the Self).

(a)  

Through the process of introspection, one will discover that there is no self, only a

bundle of experiences and perceptions.

(a)  

The mind receives materials from the senses and calls it perceptions.

(a)  

Basic sensations such as hate, love, joy, grief, pain, cold and heat.

(a)  

Thoughts and images from impressions, less lively and vivid.

(a)  

People have no experience of a simple and individual impression that they can call self where the self is the totality of a person’s conscious life.

(a)  

The idea of personal identity is the result of (a)   .

WE CONSTRUCT THE SELF

(a)  

IMMANUEL KANT

(a)  

A German philosopher

(a)  

Founder of German Idealism

(a)  

Combined the idea of Rationalism (knowledge through reasoning) and Empiricism (knowledge through senses).

(a)  

Knowledge through reasoning

(a)  

Knowledge through senses

(a)  

Defined knowledge as a result of human understanding applied to sense experience.

(a)  

Believes that human experiences make up our persona.

(a)  

The development of individuality and the self is a result of unique human experiences as it forges significant learning with the person.

(a)  

The self is the one organizing and synthesizing all of our thoughts and perceptions.

(a)  

He believed that those bundles of sensory impressions (by Hume) imply a unity of the self without which there would be no knowledge of experience.

(a)  

A self must exist: if not, there could be no memory or knowledge.

(a)  

Pertains to the experience of the self and its unity with object.

(a)  

All objects of knowledge are phenomenal.

(a)  

The path to true knowledge.

(a)  

(knowledge through reason) + Empiricism (knowledge through senses)

(a)  

(going beyond human experience)

(a)