Legal process through which immigrants become U.S. citizens.

if at least one parent is an American citizen then you are an American citizen

If a child was born on U.S. land the child is a U.S. citizen

Something that you should do

something that each citizen must do

A system for calling up people for military service.

Protects five freedoms: religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.

Protects the right to bear arms.

 No soldiers will be quartered (housed) without the consent

 Protects against unreasonable search and seizures without a warrant or probable cause.

1. Before being tried for a serious crime a grand jury must indict (formally accuse) the person of the crime, 2. Protects against being tried for the same criminal offense twice, 3. Protects against self-incrimination, 4. Cannot be deprived of rights without due process of the law, 5. Allows for eminent domain.

Right to a speedy trial

In cases involving money or property over $20, the right to a trial by jury is preserved.

Protects against excessive bail and fines. Protects against cruel and unusual punishments

There are other rights reserved to the people that are not listed in the Constitution.

Powers that are not reserved to the federal government belong to the states

The right of voting.

The act of putting a person through a second trial for an offense for which he or she has already been prosecuted or convicted.

The government has to follow rules and established procedures in everything it does. 

Government power to take private property for public use without the owner's consent.

 A person's refusal to answer a question on the ground that the answer might incriminate the person.

 The process to have a higher court review the result of a trial court or lower court.

 The process to have a higher court review the result of a trial court or lower court.

Prohibits laws made after an act is committed making it illegal although it was legal when done.

Court order that requires the government to bring a prisoner to court and explain why he or she is being held.

A justice system that is not influenced by either the legislative or executive branch.

A previous case or legal decision that may be or must be followed in future similar cases.

Used during civil cases to promptly dispose of a case without a trial.

Refusal to obey governmental demands or commands

The freedom to choose how to produce, sell, and use your own resources, while respecting others' rights to do the same.

The imprisonment or confinement of people, commonly in large groups, without trial.

Authority to determine how a resource is used

Prohibits discrimination (on the basis of race, religion, gender, or national origin) in public accommodations, facilities, and schools.

This act provided for equal housing opportunities regardless of race, religion, gender, or national origin.

Outlawed slavery

Granted full citizenship to African Americans. States, again, citizens cannot be deprived of rights without due process of the law. Guarantees equal protection under the law.

States that no one can be denied suffrage (right to vote) based on race or color.

Prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of gender. Gave women the right to vote.

Bans the use of poll taxes

Lowered the voting age in all elections to 18.

A proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal rights for women.

Political powers reserved for the state governments and not the federal government.

Designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Prohibits discrimination in voting.

Establishes the Supreme Court's power of judicial review (deciding whether laws passed by Congress are constitutional).

"Separate, but equal" was constitutional. Segregation was allowed.

Segregation in the public schools is unconstitutional. Reverses the Court's earlier position on segregation set by Plessy v. Ferguson.

Established free legal help for those who cannot otherwise afford representation in court.

Ruled that a person's Fifth Amendment (right to remain silent) rights begin at the time of arrest.

Establishes the extent of public school students' constitutional rights while at school. Specifically about black armbands worn to school to protest the war in Vietnam.

 Establishes that the 1st Amendment does not require schools to promote particular types of student speech (specifically about a school newspaper).

 Court ruling forced President to turn over secret tapes of White House conversation. Rule of Law.

Court decision that held that juveniles accused of crimes in a delinquency proceeding must be afforded many of the same due process rights as adults.

After issues with voters' ballots in Florida, the FL Supreme Court issued a recount. The US Supreme Court ruled that this was unconstitutional, since in essence the FL Supreme Court was creating a new election law (something they cannot do). The recount was stopped.

Court held that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia, and to use that firearm for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self- defense within the home.

Minors in juvenile court delinquency proceedings do not have the same constitutional rights as those given to adults in regular criminal court cases.

The forced separation of different racial groups.