The Council of Constantinople

The Council of Ephesus

The Council of Chalcedon

1491-1556

1506-1552

1545-1547

1551-1552

1562-1563

1635-1705

1703-1791

1714-1770

1789-1799

1789-1799

1813-1855

1869-1870

1962-1965

Martin Luther

Ulrich Zwingli

Ignatius Loyola

Francis Xavier

John Calvin

An intellectual and philosophical movement which included a range of ideas centered on the value of human happiness and the pursuit of knowledge obtained by means of reason and the evidence of the senses...

An intellectual and philosophical movement which included a range of ideals such as natural law, liberty, progress, toleration, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation of church and state.

An artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement which emphasized emotion and individualism, paganism, idealization of nature, suspicion of science and industrialization partly in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.

An era which proclaimed that matter in motion was the most basic reality, the human mind is the arbiter of truth, and human happiness the ultimate social good.

Which era answered the question “how do we know” by saying, “God has divinely revealed His metanarrative to humanity and has given human beings the ability to know”?

Which era answered the question “how do we know” by saying, “Autonomous human reason is able to access the truth (that which corresponds to reality)”?

Which era answered the question “What is the nature of metanarrative?” by saying, “The true metanarrative is written by God and revealed in Scripture”?

Which era answered the question “What is the nature of metanarrative?” by saying, “The true metanarrative is that of universal reason yielding truth about reality”?

Which era answered the question “how do we know” by saying, “Humans create truth as they construct languages that serve their purposes, though these languages do not actually correspond with reality.”?

Which era answered the question “What is a human being” by saying, “Human beings are dignified by being created in the image of God”?

Which era answered the question “What is a human being” by saying, “Human beings are the product of their DNA template, which itself is the result of unplanned evolution based on chance mutations and the survival of the fittest”?

Which era answered the question “How do we know what is right and wrong” by saying, “Ethics based on the character of a transcendent God who is good and has revealed that goodness to humanity”?

Which era answered the question “How do we know what is right and wrong” by saying, “Ethics are based on a notion of universal human reason, human experience, and the human ability to discern objective right from wrong”?

What standard church practice was nearly banned by the Catholic Church, because it was so effectively being put to use by Protestants?

Who founded The Society of Jesus or the Jesuits?

Which reform movement started with the following commitment?

“Let all members of the company know and bear in mind, not only in the early days of their profession but through all the days of their life, that this entire company and all who compose it are engaged in a conflict for God under the obedience of the most sacred Lord the Pope, and his successors in the pontificate."

Which religious movement can be described as, “A Bible-oriented, experiential approach to Christian life that emphasizes personal appropriation of faith and a lifestyle of holiness as more important than formal structures of theology (doctrine) and church order. Initially it was a movement within the Lutheran Church in Germany that sought to correct the focus on mere assent to doctrine, which they believed led to “dead orthodoxy.”

Which religious movement can be described as, “A reform movement that originally sought to cleanse the church of England after the English reformation. Focused on the cleansing of both individuals and society through the reform of church and state according to biblical principles. They held to a covenantal theology and the conviction that Scripture was authoritative for personal behavior and church organization.

Which religious movement can be described as, “They were refugees from the modern Czech Republic who were led by Zinzendorf to become pietist lutherans in Germany who emphasized personal spirituality and were active in missions in the West Indies, North America, and India.

Which Pope called the Council of Trent?

Which Pope called the First Vatican Council?

Which church council can be described as, “No pope ever attended any session but its canons and decrees reaffirmed a dominant, authoritative voice for the pope in the church, although now directed more at spiritual rule than at temporal political power."

Which church council can be described as saying, “It denied that humans were passive in the process of justification, it affirmed scripture and transition as coordinate authorities, it mandated the seven sacraments (mostly as defined by Thomas Aquinas) and defined them as necessary for salvation, it called the Mass a truly propitiatory sacrifice of Christ, and it confirmed the Latin Vulgate and the Latin order of the Mass as official church documents against either Scripture or liturgies in local languages.”

Which church council stipulated that bishop were to make regular visits to the churches in their dioceses; they were to hold an annual meeting for instructions and encouragement with all the ecclesiastical officials under their authority; and they were to see to the establishment of a seminary for the training of priests in each of their respective jurisdictions. This last provision eventually created a vast opportunity for orders like the Jesuits, who specialized in teaching, but its more general importance was to make the bishops responsible for ensuring that priests were at least moderately well trained and moderately conscientious in their duties.

Which church council stated that, “But those who say: 'There was a time when Jesus was not;' and 'He was not before he was made;' and 'He was made out of nothing,' or 'He is of another substance' or 'essence,' or 'The Son of God is created,' or 'changeable,' or 'alterable' — they are condemned by the holy catholic and apostolic Church.”

Which church council sought to define the relationship between Jesus’ humanity and his divinity?

Which church council declared that the pope's ex cathedra pronouncements are infallible?

This council succeeded more in bottling up, rather than wiping out, the forces of modernization, which in the early 21st century are almost as evident within Catholicism as among Protestants.

Which council is seen as a reevaluation of the rulings of the council of Trent?

Who is the Danish philosopher who rigorous intellectual critique of dominant philosophical fashions and insisted that Christianity was ultimately a life to be lived rather than a set of dogmas to affirm.

Which Pietist saw salvation much more as regeneration (the new birth) than as justification (be put right with God).

Who launched a protestant movement committed to an Arminian theology that held that God by his grace restored free will to lost humanity and that believers could lose their salvation by deliberate unrepentant sinning?

Who is credited as being deeply influential to the Methodist, Nazarene, and Assemblies of God church traditions?

Who proposed six church reforms that included, a renewal of “the spiritual priesthood,” an appeal for “Christian faith to be expressed in authentic practice”, and stressed the need for ministers to be trained in piety and devotion as well as in academic subjects?

Which church reform movement is critiqued for leading to rampant subjectivity and anti-intellectualism?

Who pioneered field preaching and organized Christian small groups, societies, and preaching circuits?

In response to modernity, who lead Christian opposition to the slave trade in England?

In response to modernity, who was a leading Christian advocate for humane treatment prisoners?

In response to modernity, who was a leading Christian advocate for humane treatment of child laborers?

In response to modernity, who founded the Salvation Army to promote charity and revival?

In response to modernity, who was a leading Christian advocate for fair and ethical treatment of workers in Germany?

What event is described as, "Christianity was attacked with almost frenzied violence, there was no question of replacing it with another religion. Passionate and persistent efforts were made to wean men away from the faith of their fathers, but once they had lost it, nothing was supplied to fill the void within…"

What new confidence championed by the likes of Voltaire and Jean-Jacque Rousseau challenged the authoritarian rule of the Catholic Church and that of monarchs?

hostility to and mistrust of intellect, intellectuals, and intellectualism, commonly expressed as deprecation of education and philosophy and the dismissal of art, literature, and science as impractical, politically motivated, and even contemptible human pursuits.

Placing excessive emphasis on one's own moods, attitudes, opinions

The grand story told to explain or justify another story or stories.

The substance or substances of which any physical object consists or is composed

A Bible-oriented, experiential approach to Christian life that emphasizes personal appropriation of faith and a lifestyle of holiness as more important than formal structures of theology and church order

Salvation is by grace alone through faith alone as communicated with perfect authority in the Bible.

A medieval practice in which the church and state, united under Christian faith, function as two branches of government, spiritual and political, seeking to function as the kingdom of God.

This movement sought to reform the church by rejecting worldly pleasures and embracing poverty, chastity, and obedience to become people who pray without ceasing in order to more fully fulfill the commands of Jesus.

Who is the Messiah, the Son of the living God?

God’s reign among those who obey His commands

The manifestation of God’s redemptive power to heal and to save

The disciples of Jesus bringing God’s redemption to world

Whose mission is to "Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you. And behold, I am with you always, to the end of the age.”

A “rule” or “standard.”

The collection of books that the church recognizes as the written Word of God.