WorksheetsRespiration Pt. 2
Total questions: 68
Worksheet time: 6hrs 40mins
What happens when the diaphragm relaxes?
the pressure within the lungs decreases
the volume of the thoracic cavity increases
the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases
the pressure within the lungs increases
23% of CO2 is to hemoglobin in RBC's to form
bicarbonate
carbonic acid
Carbonic anhydrase
carbaminohemoglobin
Bicarbonate ions move into plasma in exchange for ______ ions in what is called a _______ shift
hydrogen; carbonic
chloride; chloride shift
oxygen; oxygenic shift
hemoglobin; bicarbonate
Where does most CO2 diffuse?
Medulla oblongata
WBC's
RBC's
Blood Air Barrier
Which three ways can CO2 be carried in bloodstream?
dissolved in plasma
bound to hydrogen ion
bound to hemoglobin in RBC's
converted to carbonic acid
After CO2 diffuses into RBC's what is it converted to?
carbonic acid
bicarbonate
HCO3-
H2CO3
Equation for Bohr Effect
(a)
The effect of pH on hemoglobin saturation curve
Boyle effect
Henry effect
Left-Shift
Bohr effect
When temperature increases, hemoglobin released more (a)
What is the role of voluntary respiratory centers of the brain?
regulation of depth of pulmonary ventilation
regulation of motor neurons for respiratory muscles
regulation of frequency of pulmonary ventilation
regulation of rate of pulmonary ventilation
True or False: Increased partial pressure of CO2 causes bronchoconstriction
(a)
Alveolar Ventilation is another term for
inhalation
breathing
airflow
air pressure
Forced breathing that is assisted by accessory muscles and involves active inhalation and exhalation
eupnea
hyperoxia
apnea
hyperpnea
Quiet breathing that involves active inhalation and passive exhalation
hypoxia
hypernea
apnea
eupnea
When muscles of inhalation relax and primary respiratory muscles return to original positions
eupnea
elastic rebound
inhalation relax
respiratory reset
Pressure measured inside and outside lungs
ventilation pressure
respiratory pressure
somatic pressure
pulmonary pressure
Normal atmospheric pressure
1070 mm Hg
750 mm Hg
660 mm Hg
760 mm Hg
Most CO2 is transported as ________ ions
HCO3-
bicarbonate
Hydrogen
H2CO3+
Factors that affect ventilation function
pressure
resistance
movement
compliance
Degree of expandability of lungs
pressure
resistance
movement
compliance
Lower compliance requires (a) force to fill lungs
Respiratory Minute Volume Formula:
-VE: Respiratory Minute Volume
-RR: Respiratory Rate
-V1: Tidal Volume
RR + V1 = VE
RR x VE = V1
RR x V1 = VE
V1 x VE = RR
Measures pulmonary ventilation (amount of air moved per minute)
Respiratory Rate
Tidal Volume
Respiratory Minute Volume
Number of breaths per minute
tidal volume
respiratory rate
respiratory minute volume
Amount of air moved per breath
tidal volume
respiratory rate
respiratory minute volume
Only some inhaled air reaches alveolar exchange surfaces. What is the volume of air remaining in conducting passages?
anatomic space
alveolar space
alveolar dead space
anatomic dead space
Amount of air reaching alveoli each minute
alveolar ventilation
pulmonary ventilation
respiratory minute volume
tidal volume
The partial pressure of a gas is proportional to its percent presence in the air
Guass's Law
Boyle's Law
Kepler's Law
Dalton's Law
Pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture
circuit pressure
pulmonary pressure
partial pressure
whole pressure
What molecule competes for O2 at binding site on hemoglobin?
(a)
Partial pressure of atmospheric air in order from greatest to least
Nitrogen --> Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide --> Water Vapor
Water Vapor --> Oxygen --> Nitrogen --> Carbon dioxide
Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide --> Water Vapor --> Nitrogen
Nitrogen --> Oxygen --> Water Vapor --> Carbon dioxide
When gas contacts a liquid, gas molecules diffuse into and out of the solution (liquid)
Henry's Law
Dalton's Law
Boyle's Law
Gauss's Law
True or False: According to Henry's Law, at a given temperature, amount of gas in a solution is proportional to partial pressure of that gas
(a)
Which gas is classified as highly soluble
carbon dioxide
oxygen
nitrogen
Which gas is classified as somewhat less soluble
carbon dioxide
oxygen
nitrogen
Which gas has very limited solubility
carbon dioxide
oxygen
nitrogen
True or false: The less the solubility the higher the partial pressure
True
False
True or False: Oxygen and carbon dioxide are not lipid soluble
(a)
Blood arriving in pulmonary arteries has:
high O2 partial pressure
low O2 partial pressure
high CO2 partial pressure
low CO2 partial pressure
In external respiration, the concentration gradient causes
O2 to enter blood
O2 to leave blood
CO2 to leave blood
CO2 to enter blood
Oxygen binds to ________ and each new molecule can bind ______ oxygen molecules
calcium; 2
hemoglobin; 2
hemoglobin; 4
iron; 4
Factors affecting Hemoglobin saturation
partial pressure of O2 in plasma
blood ph
temperature
metabolic activity within RBC's
Strong emotions can stimulate respiratory centers in
medulla
lungs
pituitary gland
hypothalamus
Period of suspended respiration normally followed by forceful expulsion of air to remove offending stimulus (involved in sneezing and coughing)
hyperpnea
apnea
hypoxia
eupnea
Temporarily closes airway to prevent foreign objects, chemical irritants, or fluids from entering
hypoxia
hyperpoxia
apnea
laryngeal spasm
Two reflexes involved in forced breathing
exhalation reflex
inflation relfex
inhalation reflex
deflation reflex
Hering-Breuer Reflexes
fast breathing
slow breathing
quiet breathing
forced breathing
What is true of baroreceptor reflexes
deep breathing will lead to decreased BP
involves carotid and aortic baroreceptor stimulation
affects blood pressure
deep breathing will lead to increased BP
affects respiratory centers
Abnormally low partial pressure of CO2 caused by excessive ventilation (hyperventilation) that causes chemoreceptor activity and respiratory rate to decrease
hyponea
hypoxia
hypocapnia
hyperpnea
An increase in arterial partial pressure of CO2 caused by abnormally low respiratory rate (hypoventilation) and causes chemoreceptors to stimulate respiratory centers to increase rate and depth of respiration
hyperpnea
hypoxia
hypocapnia
hypercapnia
Where do glossopharyngeal nerves change in blood pH or partial pressure of O2?
inguinal vessels
aortic branches
carotid bodies
medulla oblongata
Where do vagus nerves change in blood pH or partial pressure of O2?
medulla oblongata
aortic bodies
carotid bodies
hypothalamus
Central chemoreceptors monitor ______ and are located where?
CSF; medulla oblongata
CSF; hypothalamus
Interstitial fluid; medulla oblongata
Interstitial fluid; hypothalamus
Receptors that are sensitive to partial pressures of CO2 and O2, the pH of blood, or the pH of cerebrospinal fluid
baroreceptors
stretch receptors
chemoreceptors
tactile receptors
Receptors located in aortic or carotid sinuses that is sensitive to changes in blood pressure
baroreceptors
stretch receptors
chemoreceptors
tactile receptors
Receptors that respond to changes in lung volume, irritating physical or chemical stimuli in nasal cavity, larynx, or bronchial tree
baroreceptors
stretch receptors
chemoreceptors
tactile receptors
The apneustic and pneumotaxic centers of the pons make up the
Respiratory Rhythmicity Group
Higher Respiratory Centers
Upper Respiratory Tract
Pontine Respiratory Group
True or False: the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers of the pons regulate depth and rate of respiration
(a)
What is true of the Ventral Respiratory Group
activates accessory expiratory muscles for forced inhalation
expiratory center neurons stimulate active exhalation
functions only in forced breathing
inspiratory and expiratory centers
activates accessory inspiratory muscles for forced inhalation
What is true of the Dorsal Respiratory Group
Includes inspiratory center
functions in quiet and forced breathing
DRG neurons become inactive allowing passive exhalation
Lengthy activity in DRG stimulates inspiratory muscles
functions only in quiet breathing
Where are respiratory rhythmicity centers located?
pons
medulla oblongata
mesencephalon
hypothalamus
The Respiratory Rhythmicity Centers are divided into which groups
Apneustic & Pneumotaxic
VRG & Apneustic Center
DRG & Pneumotaxic
DRG & VRG
True or False: The pneumotaxic centers modify the rate of respiration
(a)
Which is associated with rising partial pressure of CO2 levels
smooth muscle relaxation in arterioles and capillaries
contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles and capillaries
increasing blood flow
greater exchange of gases
Lung perfusion is defined as
blood flow to alveoli
blood flow through ventricles
blood flow medulla oblongata
blood flow from the heart to lungs
Where are involuntary respiratory centers of the brain located?
hypothalamus
pons
medulla oblongata
cerebral cortex
Where are voluntary respiratory centers of the brain located?
hypothalamus
pons
medulla oblongata
cerebral cortex
True or False: The Bohr effect is caused by CO2 and allows CO2 to be diffused into RBC's
(a)
