•Assess the client’s problem/behavior through observation, interview, and testing

•Identify the target behavior/problem

•Establish a baseline level of target behavior

•Functional analysis of target behavior to determine the causal or influential factors

Event Behavior Consequence

•Establish specific behavioral goals for treatment

•Planning interventions to alter behavior in the preferred manner

•Implement interventions as planned

•Collect data on changes in target behavior

•Compare data collected during or after treatment to baseline data

•Compare data to goals

•Modify treatment plan as suggested by observed outcomes

•Restart the scientific process with revised hypotheses

•(Respondent Learning)

•Emphasizes on the association of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.

• B.F. Skinner

• Functional Analysis: focuses on describing and explaining functional relationships among stimuli, responses, and consequences.

•Exposed to the most anxiety-provoking stimulus for an extended period of time

•Rationale: Extinction

•CLIENT EXPOSED TO ANXIETY INDUCING STIMULI GRADUALLY (GRADED) OR ALL AT ONCE.

•TWO TYPES OF EXPOSURES

•THE EXTENT OF EXPOSURE:

•Joseph Wolpe (1958)

•Rationale : Reciprocal Inhibition

•Responses incompatible with anxiety

•Counterconditioning

•Anxiety hierarchy

•Relaxation training

•Progressive relaxation techniques (Deep muscle relaxation)

Procedures of SD

___________________________ is a form of behavior therapy designed to help people stand up for themselves—to empower themselves, in more contemporary terms.

_____________________________ is a response that seeks to maintain an appropriate balance between passivity and aggression.

—TARGETS CLIENT’S SOCIAL ANXIETIES

—Appropriate expression of feeling in ways that do not infringe upon the rights of others

—INCLUDES ELEMENTS OF EXPOSURE THERAPY AND SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION

1). Teaches clients how to express themselves appropriately.

2). Eliminates cognitive obstacles to assertive self-expression.

•If – then statements

•If the goal is to change behavior, change the Contingencies controlling the behavior

•Contingency - Consequences

•REINFORCEMENT (+ , - )

•PUNISHMENT  (+, - )

•BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION

1. A child cleans up their toys after playtime, and their parent praises them and gives them a sticker as a reward.

2. A student scores well on a test, and their teacher congratulates them in front of the class and offers extra credit points.

3. An employee meets their sales target, and their manager publicly recognizes their achievement and provides them with a bonus.

1. A teenager consistently completes their household chores without being reminded, so their parents allow them to skip doing dishes for the night.

2. A student completes their homework on time, so the teacher exempts them from taking a pop quiz.

3. An employee consistently achieves high productivity levels, so their supervisor removes a tedious task from their workload.

1. A teenager breaks curfew, and their parents restrict their access to their smartphone for a week.

2. A student fails to complete their homework, so the teacher prohibits them from participating in a class activity they were looking forward to.

3. An employee consistently misses deadlines, so their manager reduces their vacation days.

1. A child throws a tantrum in a store, and their parent scolds them loudly in public.

2. A student talks out of turn in class, and the teacher assigns them extra homework as a consequence.

3. An employee consistently arrives late for work, so their supervisor publicly reprimands them during a staff meeting.

•A set of techniques in which painful or unpleasant stimuli are used to decrease the probability of unwanted behaviors.

•__________________________ is a form of behavior therapy in which an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior.

•In operant therapy, the aversive stimulus, usually called punishment, is presented after the behavior rather than together with it.

•Disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior is not reinforced. 

•Removal of an expected reinforcement results in a decrease in the frequency of a behavior.

•Extinction burst

•________________________ (also known as social exclusion) is a form of behavioral modification that involves temporarily separating a person from an environment where unacceptable behavior has occurred. The goal is to remove that person from an enriched, enjoyable environment, and therefore lead to extinction of the offending behavior.

•When the conditioned stimulus (CS), which was the sound of the bell, was presented alone repeatedly, it stopped predicting the occurrence of unconditioned stimulus (US), which in this case was the food, and as a result, the conditioned response (CR), i.e., salivation, stopped.

Example:
The first time you go to a grocery store with your child, he asks you to buy a candy. At first, you refuse, but when he starts crying, you buy him a candy. This reinforces the idea in his mind that every time he throws a tantrum at the grocery store, he will get a chocolate. He continues to this, and you unknowingly continue to reward his behavior. Then one fine day, you simply say 'no' to his demand despite his tantrums. He cries, but you ignore. This is repeated on the next two occasions and finally, when you go to the store the third time, you realize that he is no longer throwing tantrums.

Example:
In the classroom, the teacher praises the child who tops the class. This prompts the child to work hard and try to fare better with every subsequent test. Over a period, the teacher stops praising the child and as a result, the child doesn't feel like working hard. In this example, you see that the individual stops focusing on the target behavior as the reinforcement is no longer rewarding.

Example:
Let's say your professor has the knack to surprise you with tests every once in a while. On a couple of occasions, you notice that the day he takes a 'surprise test', he carries a particular book along with him. The book, thus, becomes the conditioned stimulus, which invokes the fear of tests (conditioned response) in your mind, regardless of whether he is actually taking a test or not. However, if a test, which happens to be the unconditioned stimulus here, no longer follows the conditioned stimulus, then the fear disappears.

Example:
Yet another textbook example of extinction in the context of classical conditioning would be the story of the boy who cried wolf. In this case, the 'boy crying wolf' was the conditioned stimulus, the 'wolf coming' was an unconditioned stimulus, while the 'villagers running to rescue the boy' was a conditioned response. When the unconditioned stimulus (wolf appearing) didn't follow the conditioned stimulus (boy crying wolf) on a couple of occasions, then the villagers simply stopped responding.

•Behavioral methods used to control heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and  physiological responses are known as __________________________.

•Monitor & feedback apparatus

•meter reading, graph, or auditory signal

•Used to treat several clinical disorders

•________________________ has been found to be effective for the treatment of headaches and migraines

•Observational Learning/Social Learning (Bandura, 1969)

•Much of what we learn comes from contingencies we see applied to other people.

•Model Characteristics : similarity, high status, be rewarded for their actions.

•Imitation

•Vicarious learning

A gradual, behavior modification technique in which successive approximations to the desired behavior is rewarded. Instead of waiting for an individual to exhibit a desired behavior, any behavior leading to the target behavior is rewarded.

•For example, behavior shaping has been used to treat selective, or elective, mutism, a condition manifested by an otherwise normal child's refusal to speak in school.

•A system for implementing the principles of contingency management to alter a variety of behaviors.

•______________________ is a setting in which an individual earns tokens for participating in predetermined target behaviors.

•A _______________________ rewards good behavior with tokens that can be exchanged for a number of reinforcements or anything deemed desirable by client.

•A token can be a chip, coin, star, sticker, or something that can be exchanged for what an individual wants to buy.