Hobbes argued that to escape such a bleak life, people had to hand over their rights to a strong ruler and in exchange, they gained law and order. He called this agreement the

Which of these is not one of the three natural rights given to humans by their creator?

 Who published an essay called A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792 and argued that women, like men, need education to become virtuous and useful?

The earth-centered view of the universe was called the _____________.

The _____________________________ was a new way of thinking about the natural world based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.

The belief that the sun was the center of the universe and that the stars, planets, and moons revolved around it was called

Wealthy women of Paris.held regular social gatherings called ___________ where philosophers, writers, artists, scientists, and other great intellects met to discuss ideas.

European art of the 1600s and early 1700s had been dominated by the style called ___________, which was characterized by a grand, ornate design.

The monarchs who embraced the Enlightenment ideas and made reforms that reflected the Enlightenment spirit became known as 

According to the Enlightenment principles if a government fails to protect the citizens natural rights what can the citizens do?

Argued that because humans were evil and wicked they needed governments to keep order and prevent life from being "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”?

Who believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves and as reasonable beings, they had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and to look after the welfare of society?

 Described the principle of Separation of Powers in his book On The Spirit of Laws?

 Built his own telescope and used it to study the heavens in 1609 and published a small book called Starry Messenger, which described his astonishing observations.

Concluded that certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion, one of which showed that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles.

His great discovery was that the same force (gravity) ruled motion of the planets and all matter on earth and in space?

Who created a large set of books to which many leading scholars contributed articles and essays which he called the Encyclopedia?

 Who was the most radical royal reformer who ruled Austria from 1780 to 1790 and introduced legal reforms and freedom of the press?

Who was the ruler most admired by the philosophes who was well-educated in the works of philosophes and she exchanged letters with Voltaire but ruled Russia with absolute authority?

 Under the Old Regime the people of France were divided into three large social classes, or ______________________.

The _______________, or middle class, were bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals, and skilled artisans who were well educated and believed strongly in the Enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality.

France’s government sank deeply into debt because of the extravagant spending of Louis XVI and his queen, _____________.

Louis wanted to impose taxes on the nobility, but they forced him to call a meeting of the ___________________, an assembly of representatives from all three social classes that had not met for 175 years, to approve this new tax.

 After being locked out of their meeting room the delegates of the lowest class broke down a door to an indoor tennis court, pledging to stay until they had drawn up a new constitution. This pledge became known as the ______________. 

On July 14, a mob searching for gunpowder and arms stormed the __________, a Paris prison. marking the beginning of the French Revolution.

The National Assembly adopted a statement of revolutionary ideals, the _________ which stated that “men are born and remain free and equal in rights.”

 In the French Legislative Assembly the _________________ sat on the left side of the hall and opposed the idea of a monarchy and wanted sweeping changes in the way the government was run. 

The Parisian workers and small shopkeepers who wanted the Revolution to bring even greater changes to France were called ______________, because unlike the upper classes, who wore fancy knee-length pants they wore regular trousers.

Most of the people involved in the governmental changes in September 1792 were members of a radical political organization, the ________________.

On January 21, 1793, Louis XVI walked with calm dignity up the steps of the scaffold to be beheaded by a machine called the __________________.

 One Jacobin leader, ______________________, slowly gained power and set out to build a “republic of virtue” by wiping out every trace of France’s past.

The _____________________, the radical phase of the French Revolution, ended on July 28, 1794 after as many as 40,000 peasants or members of the urban poor or middle class had been executed.

 In 1793, Robespierre became leader of the ______________, whose chief task was to protect the Revolution from its enemies, and governed France virtually as a dictator.

The new executive branch set up by the National convention in 1795 to rule France that consisted of five men was called the ___________.

 In the years before the French Revolution which estate had to pay taxes while the other two did not?

How did other countries in Europe react to the French Revolution?

A sudden seizure of power like Napoleon’s is known as by the French phrase __________, or “blow to the state.”

Napoleon thought that his greatest work was his comprehensive system of laws, known as the ______________________ which gave the country a uniform set of laws and eliminated many injustices.

A civil war erupted in Saint Domingue (now called Haiti), and enslaved Africans under the leadership of ______________ seized control of the colony. 

In 1801 Napoleon offered to sell all of the ______________ to the United States for $15 million.

 At the ______________________ British commander, Horatio Nelson, split the larger French fleet, capturing many ships leading to the destruction of the French fleet.

Napoleon set up a blockade to prevent all trade and communication between Great Britain and other European nations and called this policy the ____________ because it was supposed to make continental Europe more self-sufficient.

Napoleon’s most disastrous mistake of all was an invasion of ____________________ that came in 1812.

Napoleon returned to power but was quickly defeated for the final time by the European Allied Army at the _______________________ in Belgium.

 Napoleon was banished a second time to _____________, a remote island in the South Atlantic, where he lived in lonely exile for six years, before he died of a stomach ailment.

What was the series of meetings in Austria where European heads of government looked to establish long-lasting peace and stability on the continent after the defeat of Napoleon?

The most influential leader of Europe after the fall of Napoleon  was the foreign minister of Austria, Prince _______________.

A series of alliances devised by Metternich, called the _________ ,ensured that nations would help one another if any revolutions broke out.

Who led the allied army of the rest of Europe that defeated Napoleon in his final battle?

 Why was Napoleon never able to conquer Britain as he did much of the rest of Europe?

What were Napoleon’s views on the church?