It consists of a series of input variables and a corresponding output value, which is determined by the input variables.

(a)  

(a)   are reconfigurable chips that are made up of individual logic blocks, each of which is composed of a flip flop and a Lookup Table (LUT).

(a)   are binary shift registers used to synchronize logic and save logical states between clock cycles within an FPGA circuit.

(a)   is produced when there is an asynchronization between what the output is being shown as and what it should be due to the changing and rearranging of bits inside the SRAM of the Lookup table.

(a)   is a machine, instrument, piece of equipment or any other device with internal computing capability

(a)   can be archived on various kinds of memory media (disk, tape), thus providing an easy way to document and manipulate the function in a “virtual” form; hardware can only be “archived” abstractly in the form of some kind of graphical drawing.

The most complex mathematical model within automata theory for testing different input combinations to analyze a larger system or problem.

(a)  

(a)   are arithmetic circuits in the form of half-adders and full-adders used to add together two binary digits

The logical expression for a half adder is (a)  

(a)   is a theoretical branch of computer science and discrete mathematics that focuses on the logic of simple machines.

Based on the present inputs and present states, the (a)   state machine produces outputs. Therefore, the outputs will be valid only at positive or negative transition of the clock signal.

The output in (a)   machines only depends on the state you transit into, not on how you got into the state (the input value).

Finite state machines are important because they allow us to explore the theory of (a)   .

(a)   is a controlling unit of a micro-computer, fabricated on a small chip capable of performing ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit) operations and communicating with the other devices connected to it.

The most commonly employed HART communication mode is (a)   communication of digital information simultaneous with transmission of the 4- 2OmA signal.

It determines the number of operations per second the processor can perform. It is expressed in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz).

(a)  

It is the set of instructions that the microprocessor can understand.

(a)  

It is the number of bits processed in a single instruction.

(a)  

(a)   is a machine, instrument, piece of equipment or any other device with internal computing capability.

The term (a)   was adopted in the mid-1980s in the sensor fields to differentiate this class of sensors from conventional sensors.

A (a)   is either a sensor or an actuator that is instrumented or integrated with signal conditioning and conversion and a microcontroller or microprocessor to provide intelligent functions.

The (a)   protocol makes use of the Bell 202 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) standard to superimpose digital communication signals at a low level on top of the 4-2OmA.

It carry out self-diagnosis, immediately detect whether the sensor is abnormal or not, and give a warning.

(a)  

Studied care in analyzing or planning

(a)  

The microprocessor has multiple data type formats like binary, BCD, (a)   , signed and unsigned numbers.

(a)   are allocated to specific usages under national agreements, which should prevent interference.

Microprocessor consists of an ALU, (a)   , and a control unit.

Smart sensors can be called intelligent sensors, or (a)   .

A (a)   is also called as Finite State Machine, if it has finite number of states.

It is more complicated than finite state machines, these use regions of memory called stacks to store information as part of a model.

(a)  

The output signals need to be corrected for the nonlinearity in their characteristics or conditioned for transmission, so that the necessary valves or (a)   can accurately corrected for variations in the measured variable in a process control system.

The choice of a sensor for a specific application can be determined by its (a)   .

(a)   are normally nonlinear, temperature-sensitive, have high noise levels, requires span adjustment, and are offset from zero.

Offset and (a)   are the adjustments of the output level of the sensor, corresponding to the minimum variable value to the zero signal value of the range used, and the system sensitivity.

(a)   is a term used by programmers, mathematicians, engineers and other professionals to describe a mathematical model for any system that has a limited number of conditional states of being.

(a)   of temperature effects requires a temperature-sensitive element to monitor the temperature of the variable and the sensor.

(a)   refers to modifications or changes necessary to correct for variations in a sensor’s input/output characteristics.

The  (a)     effect  of  conductor  resistances  can  be  minimized  if  varying voltage signals are transmitted as varying current signals.

Another solution  to the problem of (a)   in low level d.c. voltage signals is  to transfer the signal onto  an a.c. carrier system before transmission  and extract it from the carrier at the end of the transmission line.

Pneumatic transmission consists of transmitting (a)   signals as a varying pneumatic pressure level that is usually in the range of 3 – 15 p.s.i.

The simplest method of (a)   is to transmit the measurement signal as a varying analogue voltage.

A (a)   , as the name suggests, is an actual table that generates an output based on the inputs.

The most common form of (a)     transmission  consists  of  transmitting  light  along  a  fibre-optic  cable,  although wireless transmission also exists

Because  the  output  signal  levels  from  many  types  of  measurement  transducer  are very low, signal amplification prior to transmission is essential if a reasonable (a)     is  to  be  obtained  after  transmission.

(a)   cables have very simple transmission characteristics because the core has a very small diameter and light can only travel in a straight line down it.

(a)   cables have quite complicated transmission characteristics because of the relatively large diameter of the core.

(a)   has  a  number  of  advantages  over  electricity  as  a  medium  for  transmitting information.

The central part of a (a)   system is a light transmitting cable containing at least one, but more often a bundle, of glass or plastic fibres.

(a)   allows signal transmission to take place without laying down a physical link in the form of electrical or fiber-optic cable.

(a)   telemetry transmits a slightly divergent beam of light that is directed towards reflective surfaces, such as the walls and ceilings in a room.

A single fibre is capable of propagating a large number of  different (a)   without  cross-interference, and  multiplexing thus  allows  a  large  number  of  distributed  sensors  to  be  addressed.

(a)   telemetry uses a narrowly focused, fine beam of light, which is commonly used for transmission between adjacent buildings.

Diffuse telemetry is similar to directed telemetry but the beam is even more (a)   .

(a)   protocols are methods used to send digital signals from one device to another over a communication channel, such as a transmission line or wireless connection.

(a)   is a type of wireless communication that allows data to be transmitted over long distances, even up to hundreds of miles or more.

Radio telemetry works by transmitting data from a source point to a destination point using (a)   .

To transmit a wireless signal, the antenna length must match the (a)   , but at 10 kHz, the wavelength is too long (30 km) for practical use, so the signal is translated into a higher frequency range where the wavelength is shorter (1.38 m) and allows for a more practical antenna length of 0.69 m or 0.345 m.

Disadvantages of digital transmission protocols (3)

(a)  

(a)   signals can be transmitted over transmission lines using either serial or parallel communication.

One common digital transmission protocol is (a)   , which is used to transmit data from a measurement sensor or circuit.

PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL COMPUTATION (4)

(a)   cables have very simple transmission characteristics because the core has a very small diameter and light can only travel in a straight line down it.

Three distinct modes of optical telemetry

(a)  

(a)   refers to the physical path or channel that carries the digital signal from the sender to the receiver.