plants that grow, reproduce, and die in 1 year

plants that takes 2 years to complete life

plants that live for more than 2 years.

when an organism reduces its metabolic state to a minimum level to survive unfavorable conditions.

a group of cells that forms a structural and

functional unit.

All of the tissues of the plant body other than vascular, dermal tissues.

conducts materials throughout the plant body.

covers the plant body

composed of all three tissue systems; form an interconnected network throughout the plant.

3 Tissues of Ground Tissue System

composed of parenchyma cells; most common cell type; soft parts of the plant

composed of collenchyma cells; provides much of the support in soft plants.

sclera "hard" in Greek.

shorts cells that are variable in shape. (has a gritty texture)

conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the stems.(acts as storage)

conducting cells in gymnosperms, long and tapering cells located in patches or clumps.

the thin areas in the tracheids' cell walls where a secondary cell wall did not form.

efficient water conducting cells

holes in the end walls; found in vessel elements.

stack of Vessel Elements; resembling a miniature water pipe. Permits the lateral transport (sideways movement) from one vessel to another.

conducts food materials; composed of four different cell types: sieve - tube elements, companion cells, phloem fibers, and phloem parenchyma cells.

tube elements are long thin cells that are stacked end on end to form long sieve tubes.

the cell's end walls; have series of holes through cytoplasm from one tube to the next.

assists in the function of the sieve - tube element. Numerous plasmodesmata occur here.

provides a protective warning over plant parts.

dermal tissue system of cells

specialized guard cells and outgrowths. Presence of this helps in increasing the reflection of light off plants, making it cooler and lesser water loss.

a waxy layer made by epidermal cells in order to prevent water loss.

facilitate the diffusion of carbon dioxide.

facilitate the diffusion of carbon dioxide.

thick cell layers; provides a new protective covering as the epidermis is destroyed.

dead at maturity and walls are heavily coated with waterproof substance

called helloderm; functions primarily in storage.

stretches and expands as the cell increase in size

deposited inside the primary cell wall (between primary cell wall and plasma membrane)