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WorksheetsTest #1 Review
Total questions: 50
Worksheet time: 38mins
What does critical & ethical reasoning help us to decide upon?
Decisions of Morality, Living a Life, and Shared Goodness
Decisions of Good and Evil
Theological Decisions about the existence of God
Only helps us with kindness to others
What happens if we do not have a strong grasp of our own ethics?
We intrinsically know our own moral beliefs.
We tend to become isolated from those around us.
It undermines our personal freedoms and capacities.
If we do not think about ethics, we will never have to make ethical decisions.
Where do we get our ethics from?
We are born ethical.
Only from our parents and our friends.
Only from schooling and books.
From many different places, like our parents, peers, media, etc.
What subfield of ethics is the main focus of this course?
Normative Ethics: the study of how we should act (morally)
Descriptive Ethics: the study of people's beliefs about morality
Metaethics: the study of the foundation of moral values.
Applied Ethics: The application of ethics to real-world problems.
Which of the following have moral value?
Money.
People.
Technology.
Education.
Which of the following have intrinsic value?
Technology & Money.
Love & Chocolates.
Happiness & Empathy.
Education & Books.
What does the "preeminence of reason" suggest?
Reason should not only be the biggest part of our ethics, but it should be the entirety of our ethics.
Reason should be taken at the same weight as emotions.
Reason is the last thing we should consider in ethics.
All of our ethics must be informed by reason.
What is the "principle of universality" mean?
Everyone needs to be treated equally in moral decisions.
Moral statements that apply in one situation must apply across all similar situations.
Ethics must be the same across the entire world.
Ethics come from the universe as an intrinsic understanding, and should guide our actions.
What does the "dominance of moral norms" mean?
Domination is the most moral of norms - meaning, we should always try to be the best in ethics.
Legal norms should be the moral code that we stick to above all else.
Morals norms must be placed as a primary ethical system.
Moral norms are equal to all other norms, like legal and social norms.
What is the "principle of impartiality"?
Everyone should be considered and treated equally.
Our morals should be advised by those we are partial to.
To be impartial is to be unfair to some and not to others, which is ethically wrong.
We should be impartial in our ethics above any other principle of ethics.
What is the Divine Command Theory?
It depends based on which religion you follow.
Only original religious texts can describe proper moral behavior.
A theory that has been rejected completely in modernity, because it contains a contradiction.
God literally defines right and wrong.
Why isn't philosophy an 'opinion-based' field?
It is an opinion-based field.
Because you say that it isn't.
Because it is grounded in reason.
Because it's been around for 3000+ years.
Which of the following is representative of subjective relativism?
Action X is right for Subject A if Subject A approves of Action Y, but Action X is wrong for Subject B if Subject B disapproves of Action Y.
Action X is right for Subject A if Subject A approves of Action X, but Action X is wrong for Subject B if Subject B disapproves of Action X.
Action X is right for Subject A if Subject B approves of Action X, but Action X is wrong for Subject A if Subject B disapproves of Action X.
Action Y is right for Subject A if Subject A approves of Action X, but Action Y is wrong for Subject B if Subject B disapproves of Action X.
Which of the following is this representative of: Action X is right for Culture A if Culture A approves of Action X, but Action X is wrong for Culture B if Culture B disapproves of Action X.
Cultural Emotivism
Emotivism
Cultural Relativism
Emotional Subjectivism
What is emotivism?
Emotions should be the primary reasoning behind our decisions.
Denotes people who are too emotional in their reactions.
Morality is just an expression of emotions.
Emotions make moral utterances true or false.
What are the major issues with subjectivism & emotivism?
It makes people morally infallible.
It makes moral disagreements easy to solve.
It makes it so there is no possibility for disagreement
It makes us all fallible.
Objectivism is the view that-
Moral principles have no exceptions.
There are no objective moral principles.
Some moral principles are valid for everyone.
Moral statements are neither true nor false.
What is the different between deductive and inductive reasoning?
Deductive reasoning is about probability; inductive reasoning is about conclusiveness.
Deductive reasoning is only about the form; inductive reasoning is only about the content.
Deductive reasoning uses variables to represent arguments; inductive reasoning only uses descriptive words.
Deductive reasoning is about conclusiveness; inductive reasoning is about probability.
An argument is...
Anything with a conclusion.
A group of statements in support of another statement.
A group of statements that support premises.
When you fight with your friends.
What is a statement?
An assertion.
A description.
A question.
A true claim.
What is a premise & what is a conclusion?
A premise is a supporting assumption and a conclusion is proof.
A premise is an answer and a conclusion is a question in support.
A premise is a supporting claim and a conclusion is what is being supported.
A premise supports a question and a conclusion is the question being supported.
What is the conclusion of this argument:
All dogs are special,
Elliot is a dog,
Therefore, Elliot is special.
Elliot is special.
All dogs are special.
Elliot is a dog.
All dogs are Elliot.
Why do we create arguments?
To prove that we're right.
To make other people angry.
To show that our argument should be believed.
To justify our beliefs.
What concerns validity?
The form and content of an argument.
Whether or not we believe the argument.
The way that the premises are included in the conclusion.
The form and the logical link between statements.
When we conclude or deduce the conclusion based on the premises, we are using what?
Reasons.
Inference.
Hypotheses.
Extrapolating.
What is the difference in evaluating the validity and the truth of an argument?
Validity is about content, truth about form.
Validity is about justification, truth is about content.
Validity is about form, truth is about content.
Validity is about form, and truth is also about form.
If the conclusion is guaranteed to be true due to validity then it is said to be...
Inference-Preserving
Validity-Preserving
Form-Preserving
Truth-Preserving
Is this argument valid, true, neither, or both?
IF GREEN IS PURPLE,
AND PURPLE IS BLUE,
THEN GREEN IS BLUE.
Valid
True
Neither
Both Valid & True
What makes a good argument?
True, factual conclusion.
True, factual premises.
Opinion-based premises.
True, justified conclusion.
What are the parts of an if/then conditional argument called?
The 'if' is the antecedent, the 'then' is the consequent.
The 'if' is the consequent, the 'then' is the antecedent.
The if/then is the antecedent, the conclusion is the consequent.
The 'if' is the premise, the 'then' is the conclusion.
What is the representational form of "Affirming the Antecedent"?
If P, then Q. Q. Therefore, P.
If P, then Q. P. Therefore, P.
If P, then Q. Q. Therefore, Q.
If P, then Q. P. Therefore, Q.
What is the argument form of the following argument:
IF HAROLD IS ANGRY, THEN LISA IS ANGRY.
LISA IS NOT ANGRY.
THEREFORE, HAROLD IS NOT ANGRY.
Affirming the Consequent.
Affirming the Antecedent.
Denying the Consequent.
Denying the Antecedent.
What argument is this form:
IF P, THEN Q.
IF Q, THEN R.
THEREFORE, IF P, THEN R
Disjunctive Syllogism
Affirmation Syllogism
Hypothetical Syllogism
Consequential Syllogism
What is the form of a disjunctive syllogism?
Either Q or P.
P.
Therefore, either Q or P.
Either P or Q.
P.
Therefore, Q.
Either P or Q.
Not P.
Therefore, Q.
Either P or Q.
Not P.
Therefore, not Q.
Which are invalid forms of deductive arguments?
Denying the Consequent & Affirming the Antecedent
Disjunctive Antecedent & Denying the Antecedent
Denying the Antecedent & Hypothetical Consequents
Denying the Antecedent & Affirming the Consequent
What does an inductive argument find?
Valid Statements
True Premises
Strong Arguments
Probable Conclusions
How do we make an inductive argument stronger?
By taking out some premises.
By adding more information.
By adding unrelated truthful premises.
By making a longer argument.
What makes a cogent argument?
Inductive arguments with true premises.
Deductive arguments with valid forms.
Inductive arguments with strong conclusions.
Deductive arguments with a true antecedent.
What do enumerative arguments allow us to do?
Reason about a single thing from a group of things.
Reason about a single thing from another single thing.
Reason about a single thing from statistical evidence.
Reason about a group of things from a single thing.
What is the difference between a target group and a sample group?
A target group is the people being asked the question, a sample is the one who has the answer.
A target group is smaller than the sample group, but has more diverse members.
A target group is a large group, and the sample group are the observed members of that group.
A target group has the observed property, and the sample group does not have the same property.
What is an example of a relevant property (select all that are).
Observed Subject.
Age.
Religious Beliefs.
Hair Color.
What is the biggest issue of having too small a sample size in inductive reasoning?
Creating too homogenous of a group.
Accurately reflecting the larger group.
Introducing biases.
Creating a hasty generalization.
What happens when you do not have a representative sample in an enumerative argument?
You create a biased sample.
You make a hasty generalization.
You include too many relevant properties.
You represent the target group too well.
How do we avoid a weak enumerative argument?
By increasing our target group and our sample size, regardless of similar properties.
By reducing the relevant characteristics between the target group and the sample group.
By having the sample group of a different proportion of the target group.
By having relevant characteristics and the same proportions.
What is the inductive argument that has this form:
Thing A has properties P1, P2, and P3, plus the property P4.
Thing B has properties P1, P2, and P3.
Therefore, thing B probably has property P4.
Enumerative Arguments
Affirming the Antecedent
Analogical Arguments
Causal Arguments
Which of the following is true of "relevant similarities".
The more dissimilarities, the less probable the conclusion.
The more similarities there are between the things being compared, the more probable the conclusion.
The greater number of instances that show the relevant similarities, the stronger the argument.
The greater the diversity among cases that exhibit relevant similarities, the stronger the argument.
Which of the following is true of "relevant dissimilarities"?
The more dissimilarities, the less probable the conclusion.
The more similarities there are between the things being compared, the more probable the conclusion.
The greater number of instances that show the relevant similarities, the stronger the argument.
The greater the diversity among cases that exhibit relevant similarities, the stronger the argument.
Which of the following is true of "number of instances compared"?
The more dissimilarities, the less probable the conclusion.
The more similarities there are between the things being compared, the more probable the conclusion.
The greater number of instances that show the relevant similarities, the stronger the argument.
The greater the diversity among cases that exhibit relevant similarities, the stronger the argument.
Which of the following is true of "diversity among cases"?
The more dissimilarities, the less probable the conclusion.
The more similarities there are between the things being compared, the more probable the conclusion.
The greater number of instances that show the relevant similarities, the stronger the argument.
The greater the diversity among cases that exhibit relevant similarities, the stronger the argument.
What is a fallacy?
Uncommon, flawed arguments.
Common, valid arguments.
Common, flawed arguments.
Uncommon, valid arguments.
