manage technical aspects of drilling exploratory, production, and injection wells

 

(a)  

evaluates the well to determine the ability of the borehole to produce petroleum

(a)  

includes subsurface engineers, manage the interface between the reservoir and the well including perforations, sand control, downhole flow control, and downhole monitoring equipment; evaluate artificial lift methods; and, also select surface equipment that separates the produced fluids (oil, natural gas, and water)

(a)  

work to optimize production of oil and gas via proper well placement, production rates, and enhanced oil recovery techniques

(a)  

Oil demand; the amount of oil the world uses in a given time period.

(a)  

Oil Supply; the amount of oil the world produces in a given time period.

(a)  

The amount of oil in stock tanks that is not needed for current supply demand

(a)  

Oil from wells that are already drilled but not currently producing. If spare production capacity is high, then there is most likely little incentive for engineers to drill new wells.

(a)  

a low carbon alternative to traditional hydrogen production methods, as the captured carbon dioxide can be used for various industrial applications

(a)  

Blue hydrogen is produced by what?

(a)  

What does blue hydrogen also produce?

(a)  

Blue hydrogen production uses natural gas infrastructure that already exists, such as ___________ and _____________

(a)  

a reliable and abundant source of energy that can be readily accessed in many parts of the world

(a)  

method of hydrogen production is considered the most polluting of all, as it releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

(a)  

What is brown hydrogen produced by?

(a)  

method of hydrogen production is considered the most sustainable, as it does not release any carbon dioxide or other pollutants into the atmosphere, but requires significant amounts of renewable energy

(a)  

What is Green hydrogen produced by?

(a)  

a variation of green hydrogen where the renewable energy used for electrolysis is generated from nuclear power

(a)  

Why is pink hydrogen controversial?

(a)  

volume of pore space/bulk volume of the rock/formation

(a)  

porosity between grains

(a)  

porosity within grains

(a)  

mineral crystals that have grown around the sediment grains & bonded them together

(a)  

the size of the sand grains do not affect porosity: however, the range of variations of sand grains affect porosity

(a)  

if sand grains within a reservoir are elongated or flat and are packed with their flat surfaces together than porosity might be low compared to a reservoir with spherical shaped sand grains

(a)  

arrangement in which grains were laid down and compacted, amount of clay or other material that cements the sand grains together

(a)  

A rock is permeable when its pores are connected, so that fluids can flow through it by moving from one pore to another pore

(a)  

Examples of permeability

(a)  

The interconnected pore volume or void space in a rock that contributes to fluid flow or permeability in a reservoir and excludes isolated pores and pore volume occupied by water adsorbed on clay minerals or other grains

(a)  

the total void space in the rock whether or not it contributes to fluid flow.

(a)  

petroleum is either left over from the formation of the solar system or was formed later deep within the earth when hydrogen and carbon came together, as a result of heat and pressure on mineral.

(a)  

Geologists who support the inorganic theory also believe that the theory explains why petroleum taken from a ____________ is often chemically _________ even though the formations where it was found are made of different types of _______ of different geological ages.

 

(a)  

petroleum formed from the remains of plants and animals. Most geologist believe that the plants and animals that formed petroleum were very small, such as plankton & algae that inhabited ancient seas.

(a)  

When plankton & algae died, the remains, which were not eaten or oxidized, became entombed in ___________ on the bottom of the sea floor, in an ____________ environment.

(a)  

a rock composed of material that were transported to their present position by wind or water.

(a)  

What are sedimentary rocks?

(a)  

a sedimentary rock composed of individual mineral grains of rock fragments between 0.062 and 0.078 inches in diameter and cemented together by silica, calcite, iron oxide, and other minerals.

(a)  

a sedimentary rock rich in calcium carbonate that sometimes serves as a reservoir rock for petroleum

(a)  

type of sedimentary rock similar to limestone but containing more than 50 percent magnesium carbonate.

(a)  

a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed mostly of consolidated clay or mud.

(a)  

occur when the reservoir formation deforms in some way

(a)  

rock layers that were originally laid down horizontally became folded upward into an arch

(a)  

a fracture or break in rock layers caused earth movement; after the break and separation of the reservoir rock, each half of the rock butts up against an impermeable rock layer; thus, migrating hydrocarbons become trapped

(a)  

As the salt pushed through the rock layers, it tilted the layers it pierced and folded the layers above the layers that were not pierced. Salt is not permeable; therefore, hydrocarbons become trapped against the salt.

(a)  

are traps in which porosity and/or permeability has changed within a formation or where a nonporous layer seals off the top of a reservoir

(a)  

caused when an older porous and permeable rock layer eroded and was overlaid with an impermeable cap-rock

(a)  

porous and permeable rock is completely surrounded by impermeable rock

(a)  

the temperature and pressure at which gas, held in solution in crude oil, breaks out of solution as free gas

(a)  

a free-gas phase overlying an oil zone and occurring within the same producing formation as the oil

(a)  

drive energy supplied naturally (as the reservoir is produced) by the expansion of the gas cap. It expands to force oil into the well and to the surface

(a)  

lighter hydrocarbons that exist as a liquid under reservoir conditions but that effervesce as gas when pressure is released during production

(a)  

lighter hydrocarbons that exist as a liquid under reservoir conditions but that effervesce as gas when pressure is released during production; thus solution gas is a source of natural reservoir energy in which the gas coming out of the oil expands to force the oil into the wellbore

(a)  

the reservoir drive mechanism in which oil is produced by the expansion of the underlying water and rock, which forces the oil into the well-bore

(a)  

the oil is totally underlain by wate

(a)  

a portion of the oil is in contact with the water

(a)  

Oil, which is lighter and does not mix with water, makes room for itself in the pores of reservoir rock by pushing the water downward

(a)  

Light crudes are typically (a)   to process than are heavier crudes.

crudes with <0.7% sulfur content =

(a)  

Crudes with >0.7% sulfur content

(a)  

measure by Total Acid Number

(a)  

crudes with a TAN >0.7 are (a)   to refiner equipment

a dimensionless number which is a measure of the density of a substance compared to the density of pure water at an arbitrary temperature and pressure. 

(a)  

Specific Gravity formula

(a)  

API Gravity

(a)  

STSP

(a)  

STSP in the petroleum industry is

(a)  

API gravity of water is

(a)  

the higher the temperature, the lower the viscosity

(a)  

The effect of solution gas is to reduce viscosity. Above saturation pressure, viscosity increases almost linearly with pressure.

(a)  

a typical natural gas is composed of approximately

(a)  

a mixture of hydrocarbon gases, together with some impurities like water vapor and heavier hydrocarbons that are the result of decomposed organic material

(a)  

When raw natural gas is withdrawn from underground reservoirs to supply energy demands, these impurities are considered ________________ and are removed by various processing ___________.

(a)  

What usually reaches the transmission line for sale as natural gas is a mixture of ___________ and ____________with some small percentages of _________.

(a)  

is the density of the gas at standard conditions divided by the density of air at the same conditions

(a)  

a natural gas liquid that is used to create ethylene, which is used to produce plastics

(a)  

measurements

(a)  

are measured in barrels (bbls). 1 bbl equals approximately 5.614 cu ft. or 42 gallons

(a)  

in the U.S. oil industry are measured in cubic feet at standard conditions (scf). Standard conditions are : (14.7 psia, 60^oF), in thousands of cubic feet (mcf) or millions of cubic feet (mmcf)

(a)  

Original Oil in Place formula

(a)  

Reservoir Pressure

(a)  

What's the formula for saturation

(a)  

1bbls =

(a)  

Bulk Volume

(a)  

What equals 1?

(a)  

Pressure Gradient:

(a)