Normal forms ensure that data is consistent and does not contain any redundant information. This helps to prevent inconsistencies and errors in the database.

deals with database schemas and descriptions, of how the data should reside in the database.

Normal forms minimize data redundancy by organizing data into tables that contain only unique data. This reduces the amount of storage space required for the database and makes it easier to manage.

Normal forms make it easier to maintain the database by reducing the amount of redundant data that needs to be updated, deleted, or modified. This helps to improve database management and reduce the risk of errors or inconsistencies.

Normal forms can improve query performance by reducing the number of joins required to retrieve data. This helps to speed up query processing and improve overall system performance.

acts as an access specifier to the database.(basically to grant and revoke permissions to users in the database.

acts as an manager for all types of transactional data

and all transactions.

a type of flowchart that illustrates how “entities” such as people, objects or concepts relate to each other within a system.

are a series of guidelines that help to ensure that the design of a database is efficient, organized, and free from data anomalies.

The data types that you will use most frequently are character strings, which might be called

All of the information about objects in your schema is contained, not surprisingly, in a set of tables that is called the

The first computer databases appeared in the late 1960s.

is a type of database that stores and provides access to data points that are related to one another.

ensures that data changes become permanent once the transaction is committed.

defines all the elements that make up a complete database transaction.

keeps the effect of a transaction invisible to others until it is committed, to avoid confusion.

defines the rules for maintaining data points in a correct state after a transaction.

is a programming language for storing and processing information in a relational database.

The highest-level view containing the least detail. Its value is showing overall scope of the model and portraying the system architecture.

Contains more detail than a conceptual model.

More detailed operational and transactional entities are now defined.

More than one attribute value is denoted, such as multiple phone numbers for a person

there are 5 types of constraints in DBMS, Select atleast 3

there are 4 types of data language, select atleast 2

SQL statements are divided into two major categories: