Upper and lower thresholds (min/max intensity stimuli detected 50% of the time)

Different thresholds (difference detected 50% of the time) demonstrated lawful relationships between physical stimuli and psychological impressions of stimuli.

Lower thresholds that can be detected 75% of the time.

Same thresholds (can be detected 50% of the time) including the intensity of stimuli detected.

Visual perception

Depth perception and binocular vision

Argued infants learn about their sensory worlds through extensive experience and unconscious inferences.

Peripheral perception and dept perception

The smallest detectable difference between the standard and the comparison.

The smallest detectable difference between the alternate and the comparison.

The unique difference between the standard and the comparison.

The largest difference between the standard and the comparison.

An organized way of envisioning the world or some aspect of the world.

How psychologists are able to organize and understand the world.

An organized way of studying the world and its aspects

How psychologists are able to study the small aspects inside a particular city.

Developed the polygraph

Used popular writings to promote the psychological well-being of the public.

Advocated for greater freedom and opportunity for women

Continued Munsterberg's popularization of psychology.

Argued that infants learn about their sensory worlds through extensive experience.

Founder of American Psychology

Believed in free will

Radical empiricism

Stream of thought

Wrote "The Principles of Psychology" and "The Principles"

Research on digestion

Research on salivary reflex leads to conditioning work

Later work focused on experimental neurosis

Defined psychology as science of mental phenomena

Distinguished between inner observation (introspection) and inner perception (retrospection)

Prefer verbs to nouns

If conflict between experiments and reason, go with reason

Presented a psychology turned to the daily lives of humans

Psychology and law

Psychotherapy

Industrial psychology

Founded the APA in 1892

President of Clark University and made it a dominant force in the U.S. Psychology.

Awarded the first PhD to African American Francis Sumner in 1920

Was racist and sexist in his work, but anonymously questioned prejudices in writings.

Paired associate method

Formal study of dreams

Founded the APA in 1892

Functionalist

Looked at the structure of mental phenomena (basic elements of consciousness)

Misrepresented his view as Wundt's rigid in his framework

Paradoxical views of women

Rigorous introspection: Stimulus error.

Research and theory of connectionism were antecedents of behaviorism.

Worked with cats in boxes

Law of effect and Law of exercise

Believed science could better society; called the "sane positivity"

Did research in psychology of business, education and society, and psychology of labor.

Founder of American psychology

Pluralist- believed in free will

Believed that habit was the great flywheel of society

Created the stream of thought

Focused on what "should do" and problems with moral holidays.

Talked about the different types of selves (social vs. judgmental vs. descriptive)

Believed you could change your self esteem by increasing our successes or lowering our goals

Voluntarism

Embodied emotion; our psychological reaction happens first and this creates the emotional experience. Each emotion has a unique biological fingerprint.

A 10-volume physiological and psychological textbook talk about voluntarism and using a rigorous form of introspection as a method.

Believed it was the great flywheel of society; Develop good habits and rid yourself of bad habits.

Believed that habits were the different types of selves (social vs. judgmental vs. descriptive)

Mind-body approach similar to Spinoza's double aspect monism

Agreed with Darwin, but thought animals more actively adapted to their world than Darwin did.

Tridimensional theory of feeling: involving pleasure and pain, strain and relaxation. and excitation and quiescence.

Heterogony of ends: the emergence of new motives during the course of chain of activities.

Believed in voluntarism; all voluntary behaviors were not free.

Shaped American behaviorism through the present

Emphasized operant conditioning over classical condition

Created the Aircrib for babies

Encouraged clinical application of behaviors.

Opposed formal theory: preferred an inductive strategy

The technological idea goal: not just to predict and understand behavior; but also control it.

"Radical" behaviorism outside mainstream experimental psychology

Viewed molar behavior as goal-directed.

Promoted a cognitive behaviorism

Viewed molar behavior as goal-directed

Argued that reinforcement guides performance but not learning as such

Institutionalized maze learning as method

Did research on latent learning

Did research on place vs. response time

Did research on cognitive maps

Had a strong moral sense

Shifted focus from physiology to psychology

Research variations in classical conditioning including delayed conditioning, simultaneous conditioning, and trace conditioning.

Evaluated the process of extinction, spontaneous recovery, and disinhibition.

Later work focused on experimental neurosis

Ultramaximal inhibition, paradoxical phase, ultraparadoxical phase.