clarified what she meant by health as "the avenue of return to the daily activities compromised by ill health. It is not only the insult or the injury that is repaired but the person himself or herself... It is not merely the healing of an afflicted part. It is rather a return to self hood, where the encroachment of the disability can be set aside entirely, and the individual is free t pursue once more his or her own interests without constraint"

stated that "the unceasing interaction of the individual organism with its environment does represent an 'open and fluid' systems, and a condition of health, wholeness, exists when the interaction or constant adaptation to the environment, permit ease- the assurance of integrity.. in all the dimensions of life.

After earning an MS in nursing at Wayne State University in 1962, she authored 77 published articles which included“An Introduction to Clinical Nursing”with multiple publication years in 1969,1973,and 1989.

-She also received an honorary doctorate from Loyola University in 1992.

-She died in 1996.

• - born in 1923.

• - Bachelor in science of nursing from St. Louis University in 1948

• - Master of science in nursing from St. Louis University in 1957

  • - Doctorate from Teacher’s college, Columbia University.

• Theory describes a dynamic, interpersonal relationship in which a person grows and develops to attain certain life goals.

-one of the prime US theorists born in Baltimore, Maryland

-She began her nursing career at Providence Hospital School of Nursing in Washington, DC, where she received a diploma of nursing in the early 1930s..

• - Obtain her basic diploma in nursing at School of Nursing Washington, BSN (1939) and MSN in 1945 from Catholic University of America, and Doctorate degrees (honorary Doctorates awarded from

different Universities).

• She published her theory in 1959 for the first time and revised in 1971, 1983, 1987, and 2001. Her contributions enabled her to achieve Excellency from prominent societies like Sigma Theta Tau International Society, the National League for Nursing, and the American Academy of Nursing.

• “Nursing is the ability to care for another human being, most importantly when they are unable to care for themselves.The ultimate goal is achieving an optimal level of health and wellness for our patients”

-was born in 1914 in Dallas, Texas

-She received her nursing diploma from the Knoxville General Hospital School of Nursing in 1936, then earned her Public Health Nursing degree from George Peabody College in Tennessee in 1937.

-Her Master’s degree was from Teachers College at Columbia University in 1945, and her Doctorate in Nursing was earned from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore in 1954. She died on March 13, 1994.

-worked as a professor at New York University’s School of Nursing.

-She was also a Fellow for the American Academy of Nursing.

-Her publications include:

Theoretical Basis of Nursing(1970)

Nursing Science and Art: A Prospective(1988)

Nursing: Science of Unitary, Irreducible, Human Beings Update(1990)

Vision of Space Based Nursing(1990).

MARTHA ROGERS - Human being is considered as united whole

MARTHA ROGERS - A person and his environment are continuously exchanging energy with each other

MARTHA ROGERS - The life process of human being evolves irreversibly and unidirectional i.e from birth to death

MARTHA ROGERS - Pattern identifies individuals and reflects their innovative wholeness

MARTHA ROGERS - Humans are the only organisms able to think, imagine, have language and emotions

is an arrangement for human and environment that undergo transformation.

is the nature of change is unpredictable, continuous and innovative.

is the energy fields of human and environment in a continuous mutual process.

The life process of the _______ _____ _____ is one of wholeness and continuity as well as dynamic and creative change

defines as irreducible pan dimensional energy field identified by pattern and manifesting characteristics different from those of the parts.

symbolize wellness and the absence of disease and major illness.

is both art and science and the nurse is a factor in healing environment.

-Evaluative and diagnostic phase includes determining the patients’ and their family’s well-being status at the time.

-Interventive how the nurse will go about implementing nursing interventions for the patient.

-That students have individual personalities and patterns to their work.

-They are all unitary human beings and should be interacted with differently

-Culture, family, and experiences affect their reasons and motives to become a nurse

-Beings focuses on “the integrality of person and environment, the individual’s active participation in change, and each person’s individual pattern.

• - It was found that the theory applies to any environment that contains human beings.

• - Her theory focuses nursing interventions on the patient well -being overall and not just their disease state

• - It encourages the use of guided imagery, relaxation, therapeutic touch, and meditation.

It is difficult-to-understand principles, lack of operational definitions,

and inadequate tools for measurement. Model has passed the test of time for

the development of nursing science as nursing matured as a science

when the model is examined in total perspective, some still classify

it as complex. With its continued use in practice, research, and education,

nurses will come to appreciate the model’s elegant simplicity

Rogers’ conceptual model is abstract and therefore generalizable

and powerful. It is broad in scope, providing a framework for the development

of nursing knowledge through the generation of grand and middle-range

theories

Rogers’ science has the fundamental intent of understanding

human evolution and its potential for human betterment. The science

“coordinates a universe of open systems to identify the focus of a new

paradigm and initiate nursing’s identity as a science”

CONCEPTS OF OREM’S MODEL

The ____-___________ Theory developed as a result of working toward her goal of improving the quality of nursing in general hospitals in her state.

The model interrelates concepts in such a way as to create a different way of looking at a particular phenomenon.

The theory is relatively simple, but generalizable to apply to a wide variety of patients.

It can be used by nurses to guide and improve practice, but it must be consistent with other validated theories, laws and principles.

which describes why and how people care for themselves.

which explains how family members and/or friends provide dependent-care for a person who is socially dependent.

which describes and explains why people can be helped through nursing

which describes and explains relationships that must be brought about and maintained for nursing to be produced.

Air

Food

Water

elimination/excretion

activity & rest

solitude/social interaction

functioning/well being

Normalcy

More specific to the process of growth and development and are influenced by what is happening during the life cycle. It can be positive or negative.

When a condition .permanently or temporarily alters structural, physiological or psychological function

provides the foundation for understanding the action requirements and action limitations of persons who may benefit from nursing

“explains how the self-care system is modified when it is directed toward a person who is socially dependent and needs assistance in meeting his or her self-care requisites”

demand is the totality of self-care actions to be performed for some duration in order to meet self-care requisites by using valid methods and related sets of operations and actions.

Summation of care measures at a specific point in time or over a duration of time for meeting the dependent’s therapeutic self-care demand when his or herself-care agency is not adequate or operational.

is a complex acquired ability of mature and maturing persons to know and meet their continuing requirements for deliberate, purposive action to regulate their own human functioning and development.

Refers to the acquired ability of a person to know and meet the therapeutic self-care demand of the dependent person and/or regulate the development and exercise of the dependent’s self-care agency.

Orem identifies method of helping:

-Acting for and doing for others

-Guiding and directing

-Providing Physical and Psychological support

-Environment of promoting personal development

-Teaching

Examples of self-care requisites are:

-Wound care

-Activities of Daily Living

-Bowel program

-Glucose monitoring

patient is unable to complete any self-care in dependently; nursing compensates for patient’s inability to perform self-care.

patient is able to perform self-care tasks with partial or no assistance from nursing.

Patient able to perform tasks independently. Nursing provides on going education and support.

FOUR MAJOR CONCEPTS OF OREM

is a state characterized by soundness or wholeness of developed human structures and of bodily and mental functioning.

FOUR MAJOR CONCEPTS OF OREM

is viewed biologically, symbolically and socially but still as a whole person. This person is considered to be able to provide self-care

FOUR MAJOR CONCEPTS OF OREM

is how a healthcare professional develops a plan of care to meet the patient’s self-care needs

FOUR MAJOR CONCEPTS OF OREM

is the physical, chemical, biologic and social factors that make up who a person is.

It has achieved a significant level of acceptance by the international nursing community, as evidenced by the magnitude of published material and presentations at the International Orem Society World Congresses.

The SCDNT was introduced as the basic structure for nursing management in German hospital DRG (diagnosis-related group) implementation. The movement toward SCDNT-based nursing management.

The influence of Orem’s SCDNT has continued at the international level through the translation of Nursing Concepts of Practice into several languages.

It uses the SCDNT or components, Biggs (2008) found more than 800 references. Berbiglia identified selected practice settings and SCDNT conceptual foci from a review of more than 3 decades of use of the SCDNT in practice and research and publicized selected international SCDNT practice models for the twenty-first century.

Orem defined the term and elaborated the substantive structure of the concept in away that is unique while also congruent with other interpretations

Orem’s theory is expressed in a limited number of terms. These terms are defined and used consistently in the expression of the theory. Orem’s general theory, the SCDNT, comprises the following four constituent theories: self-care, dependent-care, self-care deficit, and nursing systems

As a general theory, it serves nurses engaged in nursing practice, in development and validation of nursing knowledge, and in teaching and learning nursing.

As a general theory, the SCDNT provides a descriptive explanation of why persons require nursing and what processes are needed for the production of required nursing care

Nursing Focus is the ______________

Nursing Goal is the ______________

______________ are open system in constant interaction with the environment.

is a means of behavior or activities that are towards the accomplishments of certain act. It is both physical and mental

is a form of reacting or a response to a certain stimuli.

is any situation wherein the nurse relates and deals with a clientele or patient.

is a unique observable in which human being communicate with the environment

IMOGEN METAPARADIGM

existing in an open system who makes choices and select alternative action

IMOGEN METAPARADIGM

as continuous adjustment to stress in the internal and external environment

IMOGEN METAPARADIGM

as the process of balance involving internal and external interactions inside the social system.

IMOGEN METAPARADIGM

is an observable behavior found in the health care systems in society”. The goal of nursing “is to help individuals maintain their health so they can function in their roles”.

• -Individualized the plans of care while encouraging active participation from clients

• -The profession of nursing function through individuals and groups within the environment.

• -It is used in curriculum design in nursing programs

• -It provides a systematic means of viewing nursing as profession, an organized body of knowledge and clarifying nursing as discipline.

• It is design and conducted to implement this system in hospital, ambulatory, community and home care nursing.

IMOGEN ANALYSIS OF THE THEORY

Theory of Goal Attainment is the ease with which it can be understood by nurses. Concepts are concretely defined and illustrated.

IMOGEN ANALYSIS OF THE THEORY

King’s definitions are clear and are conceptually derived from research literature.

IMOGEN ANALYSIS OF THE THEORY

It has been criticized for having limited application in areas of nursing in which patients are unable to interact competently with the nurse.

IMOGEN ANALYSIS OF THE THEORY

A descriptive study was conducted to identify the characteristics of transaction and whether nurses made transactions with patients

IMOGEN ANALYSIS OF THE THEORY

middle range Theory of Goal Attainment focused on all aspects of the nursing process: assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation. The body of literature clearly establishes King’s work as important for knowledge building in the discipline of nursing.

The core of the conservation model is to improve a

person’s physical and emotional well-being by

considering the four domains of conservation she

set out.

Nursing’s role in conservation is to help the person

with the process of “keeping together” the total

person through the least amount of effort.

The physiologic responses that “defend oxygen supply to the

brain are distinct from those that maintain the appropriate blood glucose levels.” (Levine, 1989)

is the process of change, and conservation is the outcome of __________. It is the process whereby the patient maintains integrity within the realities of the environment.

Adaptation is a historical process. Responses are based on past experiences both

personal and genetics

Adaptation is also specific. It refers to the individual responses and their adaptive

pattern, which varies on the basis of specific genetic structure.

represents the fail-safe options available to the patient to ensure continued

adaptation

Describes the way complex systems are able to continue to function even when severely challenged. Individuals are able to confront obstacles, adapt accordingly and maintain their uniqueness.

is a holistic being who constantly strives to preserve wholeness and integrity and one "who is sentient, thinking, future-oriented, and past-aware."

completes the wholeness of the individual. The individual has both an internal and external environment.

Stable state normal alterations in physiologic parameters respond to environmental changes: an energy sparing state, a state of conservation

is the orchestrated or coordinated control in metabolism of body tissues necessary to support a physiological state.

consist of information that is recorded by the sensory organs.

consist of the undetected natural forces and that impinge on the individual.

is influenced by language, culture, ideas and cognition

It is the fit of the person with his or her predicament of time and space. The specific adaptive responses make conservation possible occur on many levels: molecular, physiologic, emotional, psychologic and social.

It refers to balancing energy input and output to avoid excessive fatigue. It includes adequate rest, nutrition and exercise.

It refers to maintaining or restoring the structure of body preventing physical breakdown and promoting healing.

It recognizes the individual as one who strives for recognition, respect, self-awareness, self-hood and self determination

An individual is recognized as some one who resides with in a family, a community, a religious group, an ethnic group, a political system and a nation.