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DNA and More Review Spring 2026

Total questions: 55

Worksheet time: 44mins

Name
Class
Date
1.
Replicate the following strand of DNA: 
AATCATGGA
a)
AATCATGGA
b)
TTAGTACCT
c)
UUAGUACCU
d)
GGATAUCUA
2.

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

a)

sugar, hydrogen, nitrogen base

b)

sugar, oxygen, nitrogen base

c)

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

d)

sugar, phosphate, protein

3.

Which of the following statements about DNA replication is TRUE?

a)

The leading strand is replicated continuously, while the lagging strand is replicated discontinuously.

b)

The leading strand is replicated discontinuously, while the lagging strand is replicated continuously.

c)

Both the leading and lagging strands are replicated continuously.

d)

Both the leading and lagging strands are replicated discontinuously.

e)

Each of the leading and lagging strands is replicated both continuously and discontinuously.

4.

Which molecules make up the "backbone" of DNA and RNA?

a)

Sugar

b)

Phosphate group

c)

Nucleotide base

5.
The two strands of nitrogenous bases in DNA are joined by which type of bond?
a)
polar bonds
b)
ionic bonds
c)
covalent bonds
d)
hydrogen bonds
6.

A process in which DNA has the unique ability to make an exact copy of itself.

a)

Replication

b)

Translation

c)

Transcription

d)

Protein Synthesis

7.
What determines the code, or information, of a DNA molecule?
a)
the shape (structure) of the nitrogen bases
b)
the order (sequence) of the nitrogen bases
c)
the color of the nitrogen bases
d)
the frequency (number) of nitrogen bases
8.
This picture is illustrating the ____ nature of DNA.
a)
anti-parallel
b)
deoxyribosic
c)
helical
d)
radioactive
9.

Match the following: Enzymes to Functions

a)

Helicase

1.

enzyme unzips DNA like a zipper, creating two single strands of DNA

b)

DNA Polymerase

2.

Builder enzyme that synthesizes new strands of DNA by adding DNA nucleotides

c)

Ligase

3.

Enzyme that joins or glues fragments of new DNA together

d)

Primase

4.

Enzyme that creates a starting point for DNA polymerase

10.

Match the following

a)

1.

RNA

b)

2.

DNA

c)

3.

Nucleotide

11.

What is the complementary RNA for this DNA Strand... TAC CGG ATC

a)

ATG GCC TAG

b)

ATG GCG TAG

c)

AUG GCC UAG

d)

AUG GCC TAG

12.

What are the 4 RNA nitrogen bases?

a)

adenine, thymine, cytoplasm, and guanine

b)

adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

c)

adenine, uracil, cytoplasm, and guanine

d)

adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine

13.

What is the process that makes a complementary mRNA strand from a DNA strand?

a)

protein synthesis

b)

transcription

c)

translation

d)

DNA Polymerase

14.
What does mRNA do?
a)
provides information from DNA to ribosomes
b)
transfers amino acids to the ribosomes
c)
makes up ribosomes
d)
builds proteins
15.
Which phrase best describes translation?
a)
converts mRNA into a polypeptide
b)
catalyzes bonds between amino acids
c)
produces RNA from DNA molecules
d)
recycles tRNA molecules for reuse
16.

In RNA, adenine binds with?

a)

thymine

b)

uracil

c)

cytosine

d)

guanine

17.
What type of RNA travels outside the nucleus?
a)
transfer
b)
messenger
c)
ribosomal
d)
nuclear
18.
The building blocks of proteins are?
a)
carbs
b)
sugars
c)
lipids
d)
amino acids
19.

The three-letter code is called a?

a)

script

b)

codon

c)

tri code

d)

gene

20.

What organelle does the mRNA attach to in order to make the protein?

a)

ribosome

b)

mitochondria

c)

chloroplast

d)

lysosome

21.

What best explains the interaction between tRNA and mRNA during translation?

a)

anticodons on the mRNA line up with complementary codons on the tRNA

b)

anticodons on the tRNA line up with complementary codons on the mRNA

c)

tRNA attach amino acids to the complementary mRNA sequence

d)

mRNA attach amino acids to the complementary tRNA sequence

22.

What does tRNA "transfer"?

a)

amino acids

b)

nucleic acids

c)

nucleotides

d)

AUG

23.

anti-codons are located on __________

a)

mRNA

b)

tRNA

c)

rRNA

d)

snRNA

24.

How many nucleotides make up a single codon?

a)

3

b)

5

c)

4

d)

1

25.

The following codon is translated into which amino acid?


AUU

a)

Methionine

b)

Isoleucine

c)

Histidine

d)

Arginine

26.

Match the following Mutations

a)

Missense

1.

Causes chance in amino acid sequence ; results in different protein

b)

Nonsense

2.

Causes an amino acid to change into a "STOP" codon

c)

Silent

3.

Has no effect on amino acids or proteins

27.

What type of mutation is this?

a)

Nonsense

b)

Missense

c)

Silent

28.
The lac operon genes only become expressed if:
a)
lactose binds to the repressor
b)
glucose binds to the repressor
c)
lactose binds to the operator
d)
the repressor binds to the operator
29.
What type of operon is the trp (tryptophan) operon?
a)
inducible
b)
repressible
c)
positive control
d)
promoible
30.

Operons are found in the cells of which of the following types of organisms?

a)

prokaryotes (bacteria)

b)

eukaryotes (plants and animals)

c)

animals only

d)

viruses

31.

What type of operon is the lac (lactose) operon?

a)

inducible

b)

repressible

c)

positive control

d)

promotible

32.
What is this
a)
plasmid
b)
recombinant bacterium
c)
recombinant DNA
d)
sticky ends
33.

Which ones are purines?

a)

Adenine and Guanine

b)

Adenine and Thymine

c)

Cytosine and Guanine

d)

Cytosine and Thymine

34.

What does it mean for cells to be competent?

a)

They are made to be 'smart' through genetic engineering

b)

Their cell walls are altered to allow DNA to pass more easily

c)

They contain regular DNA and plasmid DNA

d)

They contain a gene for resistance to ampicillin

35.

Transformation occurs when ________________.

a)

None of these.

b)

a virus accidentally transfers bacterial DNA to a another bacterium.

c)

a plasmid is transferred from one bacteria to another.

d)

bacteria take up DNA from the environment.

36.

Transduction occurs when ________________.

a)

None of these.

b)

a virus accidentally transfer bacterial DNA to another bacterium.

c)

a plasmid is transferred from one bacteria to another.

d)

bacteria take up DNA from the environment.

37.

The process when DNA is passed from one bacterial cell to another via a direct connection is

a)

mutation

b)

transduction

c)

transformation

d)

conjugation

38.

Conjugation must occur to transfer which of the following between bacterial cells?

a)

Antibiotic Sensitivity Gene

b)

Antibiotic Resistance Gene

c)

Vacuoles

d)

Vesicles

39.

What does a promoter do?

a)

it allows a gene to be transcribed

b)

it creates a DNA segment

c)

it is another word for ribosomes

d)

it is another word for RNA

40.
What is the definition of DNA mutation? 
a)
The original DNA strand
b)
The strand with four pairs 
c)
A change in the DNA strand
d)
The strand in a double helix 
41.

Direction that DNA is replicated

a)

3' to 5'

b)

5' to 3'

42.

Which of these are classified as Horizontal Gene Transfer

(SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

a)

Conjugation

b)

Transduction

c)

Transformation

d)

None of the Above

43.
Which of the following characteristics is not true of a plasmid?
a)
It is a circular piece of DNA
b)
It is required for normal cell function
c)
It is found in bacteria
d)
It can be trasnferred from cell to cell
44.

Which genetic material could be transmitted naturally by all three methods (transformation, conjugation & transaction) of horizontal gene transfer?

a)

an E coli chromosome

b)

the genome of a microbe

c)

drug resistance genes

d)

a and c

45.
The "central dogma" states that genetic information flows from 
a)
Protein-->mRNA-->DNA
b)
Protein-->DNA-->mRNA
c)
mRNA-->DNA-->Protein
d)
DNA-->mRNA-->Protein
46.

What is a transposon?

a)

A transposon is a type of virus that infects bacteria.

b)

A transposon is a type of mutation that causes genetic disorders.

c)

A transposon is a DNA sequence that can change its position within the genome of a cell.

d)

A transposon is a protein that regulates gene expression.

47.

How do DNA transposons move within the genome?

a)

Jumping mechanism

b)

Sliding mechanism

c)

Swapping mechanism

d)

Cut-and-paste mechanism

48.
What is antibiotic resistance?
a)
The ability for humans to resist antibiotics.
b)
The ability for humans to repel bacteria. 
c)

The ability for bacteria to survive the effects of antibiotics.

d)
The ability for bacteria to become weak from antibiotics.
49.

Which of the following are causes of antibiotic resistance? Select all that apply.

a)

Using antibiotics incorrectly, such as to treat viruses

b)

Overuse of antibiotics in livestock farming

c)

Patients not finishing their antibiotic treatment

d)

Over-prescribing antibiotics/using antibiotics when not necessary

50.

how are bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics?

a)

bacteria does not become resistant to antibiotics.

b)

by a genetic mutation/by acquiring resistance from another bacterium.

c)

by wishing they were resistant.

d)

antibiotic resistance does not exist.

51.

Which of the following resistance mechanisms describes the function of β-lactamase?

a)

target overproduction

b)

drug inactivation

c)

target mimicry

d)

efflux pump

52.

Which of the following resistance mechanisms is commonly effective against a wide range of antimicrobials in multiple classes?

a)

target overproduction

b)

target modification

c)

target mimicry

d)

efflux pump

53.

What is an example of target mimicry?

a)

decrease in the amount of porin for carbapenem entry

b)

glycosylation of rifampin blocks binding to target

c)

adding a chemical group to RNA polymerase

d)

the microbe produces a molecule that is similar in structure to DNA

54.

The multidrug resistant pumps in many bacterial cell membranes cause

a)

alteration of drug receptors on cell targets

b)

bacterial chromosomal mutations

c)

synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure

d)

removal of drugs from the cell

55.

Which of these are mechanisms of drug (antimicrobial) resistance? Choose more than one.

a)

Efflux pump

b)

Inactivation

c)

Blocked penetration

d)

Target modification

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