What Factors trigger a given behavior in an individual?

How does this behavior develop over the lifespan of an individual?

Why is this behavior adaptive for the individual?

How has this behavior evolved and why does it differ between species?

What Factors trigger a given behavior in an individual?

How does this behavior develop over the lifespan of an individual?

Why is this behavior adaptive for the individual?

How has this behavior evolved and why does it differ between species?

What Factors trigger a given behavior in an individual?

How does this behavior develop over the lifespan of an individual?

Why is this behavior adaptive for the individual?

How has this behavior evolved and why does it differ between species?

# of species in the reginal species pool - Gamma Diversity

# of species in the reginal species pool - Alpha Diversity

Local species interactions

Local species compitetion

33% of all species

Reptiles - 6%

Amphibians - 29%

Mammals - 21%

Birds - 12%

Fish - 6%

Reptiles - 20%

Amphibians - 9%

Mammals - 12%

Birds - 21%

Fish - 6%

Genetic Library

Ecosystem services

Aesthetic and ethical obligation

Extinction Index

Humans are in danger of being extinct

A large island near the mainland

A small island near the mainland

A small island farther from the mainland

A large island farther from the mainland

Arrives at the same equilibrium (same # of species), but may be occupied by different species

Arrives at the same equilibrium (same # of species), and will always be occupied by the same species

Arrives at a different equilibrium, but may be occupied by different species

Arrives at a different equilibrium, and will always be occupied by the same species

Asia -> N.A -> S.A, Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia -> S.A and Australia -> S.A, Australia, N.A

S.A and Australia -> S.A, Australia, N.A ->Asia -> N.A -> S.A, Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia

S.A, Australia, N.A ->Asia -> S.A, Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia

S.A, Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia -> S.A, Australia, N.A ->Asia and Australia

1st tier of a classification scheme that divides Earth's landscaped into broad geographic areas based on the phylogenetic relationships of their biota

2nd tier of a classification scheme that divides Earth's landscaped into broad geographic areas based on the phylogenetic relationships of their biota

50% of A's have N.A roots

10% of A's have S.A roots

1st tier of a classification scheme that divides Earth's landscaped into broad geographic areas based on the phylogenetic relationships of their biota

2nd tier of a classification scheme that divides Earth's landscaped into broad geographic areas based on the phylogenetic relationships of their biota

50% of A's have N.A roots

10% of A's have S.A roots

1st tier of a classification scheme that divides Earth's landscaped into broad geographic areas based on the phylogenetic relationships of their biota

2nd tier of a classification scheme that divides Earth's landscaped into broad geographic areas based on the phylogenetic relationships of their biota

50% of A's have N.A roots

10% of A's have S.A roots

1st tier of a classification scheme that divides Earth's landscaped into broad geographic areas based on the phylogenetic relationships of their biota

2nd tier of a classification scheme that divides Earth's landscaped into broad geographic areas based on the phylogenetic relationships of their biota

50% of A's have N.A roots

10% of A's have S.A roots

Study of the geographical distribution of species

Study of the factors that determine currents species distributions and the composition of extant bigots, focusing both on interactions among organisms and on interactions between organisms and their abiotic environment

Study of how evolutionary lineages affect current and historic distributions of species and biotas, paying particular attention to the roles played by speciation, extinction, and dispersal

Study of the geographical distribution of species

Study of the factors that determine currents species distributions and the composition of extant bigots, focusing both on interactions among organisms and on interactions between organisms and their abiotic environment

Study of how evolutionary lineages affect current and historic distributions of species and biotas, paying particular attention to the roles played by speciation, extinction, and dispersal

Study of the geographical distribution of species

Study of the factors that determine currents species distributions and the composition of extant bigots, focusing both on interactions among organisms and on interactions between organisms and their abiotic environment

Study of how evolutionary lineages affect current and historic distributions of species and biotas, paying particular attention to the roles played by speciation, extinction, and dispersal

The # of species occupying a relatively small, comparatively homogenous site

The # of species in a comparatively broad geographic region ranging from a group of local communities to biomes, continents, or even entire ocean basins

The change in species composition over relatively short distances

The # of species occupying a relatively small, comparatively homogenous site

The # of species in a comparatively broad geographic region ranging from a group of local communities to biomes, continents, or even entire ocean basins

The change in species composition over relatively short distances

The # of species occupying a relatively small, comparatively homogenous site

The # of species in a comparatively broad geographic region ranging from a group of local communities to biomes, continents, or even entire ocean basins

The change in species composition over relatively short distances

Species diversity increases as you get closer to the equator, as it decreases the farther away you are

34, 50% endemic plants, 75% threatened Animals

6 all across the globe, 3 in the northern hemisphere, and 3 in the southern hemisphere

Asserts that evolution has favored behaviors
that maximize an individual's rate of food harvest and/or intake

Ideally, the behavioral ecologists studying optimal foraging would test different hypothesis by measuring how fitness varies with different foraging strategies

Species diversity increases as you get closer to the equator, as it decreases the farther away you are

34, 50% endemic plants, 75% threatened Animals

6 all across the globe, 3 in the northern hemisphere, and 3 in the southern hemisphere

Asserts that evolution has favored behaviors
that maximize an individual's rate of food harvest and/or intake

Ideally, the behavioral ecologists studying optimal foraging would test different hypothesis by measuring how fitness varies with different foraging strategies

Species diversity increases as you get closer to the equator, as it decreases the farther away you are

34, 50% endemic plants, 75% threatened Animals

6 all across the globe, 3 in the northern hemisphere, and 3 in the southern hemisphere

Asserts that evolution has favored behaviors
that maximize an individual's rate of food harvest and/or intake

Ideally, the behavioral ecologists studying optimal foraging would test different hypothesis by measuring how fitness varies with different foraging strategies

Species diversity increases as you get closer to the equator, as it decreases the farther away you are

34, 50% endemic plants, 75% threatened Animals

6 all across the globe, 3 in the northern hemisphere, and 3 in the southern hemisphere

Asserts that evolution has favored behaviors
that maximize an individual's rate of food harvest and/or intake

Ideally, the behavioral ecologists studying optimal foraging would test different hypothesis by measuring how fitness varies with different foraging strategies

Species diversity increases as you get closer to the equator, as it decreases the farther away you are

34, 50% endemic plants, 75% threatened Animals

6 all across the globe, 3 in the northern hemisphere, and 3 in the southern hemisphere

Asserts that evolution has favored behaviors
that maximize an individual's rate of food
harvest and/or intake

Exclusively of search and exploitation (they are the only ones)

Items can only be encountered 1 by 1

Complete info (forager will act as if it knows the model boundaries)

Items can only be encountered at any set number

Incomplete info (forager has no idea of what the model boundaries are

Determines when an organism facing diminishing
returns on investment should abandoned a patch, mate, or other resource

Prey and Patch models

Rapid increase in extinction caused by humans becoming the dominant species on earth

Splitting of one species into 2 distinct species

All of the living organisms within an ecosystem including plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi

Determines when an organism facing diminishing
returns on investment should abandoned a patch, mate, or other resource

Prey and Patch models

Rapid increase in extinction caused by humans becoming the dominant species on earth

Splitting of one species into 2 distinct species

All of the living organisms within an ecosystem including plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi

Determines when an organism facing diminishing
returns on investment should abandoned a patch, mate, or other resource

Prey and Patch models

Rapid increase in extinction caused by humans becoming the dominant species on earth

Splitting of one species into 2 distinct species

All of the living organisms within an ecosystem including plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi

Determines when an organism facing diminishing
returns on investment should abandoned a patch, mate, or other resource

Prey and Patch models

Rapid increase in extinction caused by humans becoming the dominant species on earth

Splitting of one species into 2 distinct species

All of the living organisms within an ecosystem including plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi

States that despite having similar climates different regions of the globe frequently have distinct biotas

Restrictive of the occurrence of species to a defined geographic area/local regional abundance of endemic species within a specific location

When a population might go extinct on its own, but immigrants join the population and thereby prevent extinction

States that despite having similar climates different regions of the globe frequently have distinct biotas

Restrictive of the occurrence of species to a defined geographic area/local regional abundance of endemic species within a specific location

When a population might go extinct on its own, but immigrants join the population and thereby prevent extinction

States that despite having similar climates different regions of the globe frequently have distinct biotas

Restrictive of the occurrence of species to a defined geographic area/local regional abundance of endemic species within a specific location

When a population might go extinct on its own, but immigrants join the population and thereby prevent extinction

All three, Holarctic Realm (Laurasia), Holotropical Realm (Eastern Gondwana), and Austral Realm

Holarctic Realm (Laurasia) only

Holotropical Realm (Eastern Gondwana) only

Austral Realm only

1 Nearctic Region

3 Neotropical Region

7 Andean Region

2 Palearctic Region

3 Neotropical Region

7 Andean Region

1 Nearctic Region

2 Palearctic Region

3 Neotropical Region

Proposes that immigration and extinction rate determine species richness found on an island

The rate at which the composition of the species on an island changes over time

Argues that Large areas contain more species because they tend to contain more distinct habitats and this can support different species with specialized habitat requirements

Proposes that immigration and extinction rate determine species richness found on an island

The rate at which the composition of the species on an island changes over time

Argues that Large areas contain more species because they tend to contain more distinct habitats and this can support different species with specialized habitat requirements

Proposes that immigration and extinction rate determine species richness found on an island

The rate at which the composition of the species on an island changes over time

Argues that Large areas contain more species because they tend to contain more distinct habitats and this can support different species with specialized habitat requirements

A route, often narrowly defined, that nearly all members of a taxon can easily traverse

Dispersal pathways that tend to selectively prevent some species from passing while allowing others through

Dispersal pathways that are nearly impossible for a species to cross except during rare and unpredictable circumstances

A route, often narrowly defined, that nearly all members of a taxon can easily traverse

Dispersal pathways that tend to selectively prevent some species from passing while allowing others through

Dispersal pathways that are nearly impossible for a species to cross except during rare and unpredictable circumstances

A route, often narrowly defined, that nearly all members of a taxon can easily traverse

Dispersal pathways that tend to selectively prevent some species from passing while allowing others through

Dispersal pathways that are nearly impossible for a species to cross except during rare and unpredictable circumstances

Long-distance dispersal between 2 habitat patches that is accomplished relatively quickly, often in a single bound

Range expansion that is accomplished over many generations as individuals on the margins of a species range expand into unoccupied habitat

Species range expansion that occurs over many, many generations and which takes so long that the species evolve en route with populations adapting via natural selection to new environments they encounter as they move across the landscape

Long-distance dispersal between 2 habitat patches that is accomplished relatively quickly, often in a single bound

Range expansion that is accomplished over many generations as individuals on the margins of a species range expand into unoccupied habitat

Species range expansion that occurs over many, many generations and which takes so long that the species evolve en route with populations adapting via natural selection to new environments they encounter as they move across the landscape

Long-distance dispersal between 2 habitat patches that is accomplished relatively quickly, often in a single bound

Range expansion that is accomplished over many generations as individuals on the margins of a species range expand into unoccupied habitat

Species range expansion that occurs over many, many generations and which takes so long that the species evolve en route with populations adapting via natural selection to new environments they encounter as they move across the landscape

Also known as evolution via vicariance, it occurs when a population of a species is separated physically (Iceberg), and slowly evolve into two different species

When species are still together, begin intermixing when the lakes formed via the glaciers interconnect, and species evolve that way

Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar

Also known as evolution via vicariance, it occurs when a population of a species is separated physically (Iceberg), and slowly evolve into two different species

When species are still together, begin intermixing when the lakes formed via the glaciers interconnect, and species evolve that way

Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar

Also known as evolution via vicariance, it occurs when a population of a species is separated physically (Iceberg), and slowly evolve into two different species

When species are still together, begin intermixing when the lakes formed via the glaciers interconnect, and species evolve that way

Hadley (equator), Ferrel (Middle), and Polar (North & South Poles)

Stiff, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock which is a part of the earths crust, 14 total

Occurs when 2 geologic plates are moving away from 1 another

Occurs when 2 geologic plates are moving toward 1 another

Occurs when 2 geologic plates are sliding past 1 another

Stiff, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock which is a part of the earths crust, 14 total

Occurs when 2 geologic plates are moving away from 1 another

Occurs when 2 geologic plates are moving toward 1 another

Occurs when 2 geologic plates are sliding past 1 another

Stiff, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock which is a part of the earths crust, 14 total

Occurs when 2 geologic plates are moving away from 1 another

Occurs when 2 geologic plates are moving toward 1 another

Occurs when 2 geologic plates are sliding past 1 another

Stiff, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock which is a part of the earths crust, 14 total

Occurs when 2 geologic plates are moving away from 1 another

Occurs when 2 geologic plates are moving toward 1 another

Occurs when 2 geologic plates are sliding past 1 another

Colonization of a new habitat by a few founding individuals

Occurs when 2 extremes of a trait are selected for and or the intermediate values are selected against, producing a bimodal distribution of population trait values over time

Type of atmospheric circulation Cell, that is derived by the heating of the earth surface at the equator

Extent to which an adaption improves the evolution fitness of an individual

Colonization of a new habitat by a few founding individuals

Occurs when 2 extremes of a trait are selected for and or the intermediate values are selected against, producing a bimodal distribution of population trait values over time

Type of atmospheric circulation Cell, that is derived by the heating of the earth surface at the equator

Extent to which an adaption improves the evolution fitness of an individual

Colonization of a new habitat by a few founding individuals

Occurs when 2 extremes of a trait are selected for and or the intermediate values are selected against, producing a bimodal distribution of population trait values over time

Type of atmospheric circulation Cell, that is derived by the heating of the earth surface at the equator

Extent to which an adaption improves the evolution fitness of an individual

Colonization of a new habitat by a few founding individuals

Occurs when 2 extremes of a trait are selected for and or the intermediate values are selected against, producing a bimodal distribution of population trait values over time

Type of atmospheric circulation Cell, that is derived by the heating of the earth surface at the equator

Extent to which an adaption improves the evolution fitness of an individual

Exchange of terrestrial fauna and flora between N&S. America that resulted from the emergence of the isthmus of Panama about 3.5 million years ago

Narrow land bridge connecting two larger land masses, N.A & S.A

Describes a foraging strategy typically of animals that repeatedly venture out from a central place or nest to forage and then return to consume or store their food

The apparent deflection of objects across a rotating sphere

Exchange of terrestrial fauna and flora between N&S. America that resulted from the emergence of the isthmus of Panama about 3.5 million years ago

Narrow land bridge connecting two larger land masses, N.A & S.A

Describes a foraging strategy typically of animals that repeatedly venture out from a central place or nest to forage and then return to consume or store their food

The apparent deflection of objects across a rotating sphere

Exchange of terrestrial fauna and flora between N&S. America that resulted from the emergence of the isthmus of Panama about 3.5 million years ago

Narrow land bridge connecting two larger land masses, N.A & S.A

Describes a foraging strategy typically of animals that repeatedly venture out from a central place or nest to forage and then return to consume or store their food

The apparent deflection of objects across a rotating sphere

Exchange of terrestrial fauna and flora between N&S. America that resulted from the emergence of the isthmus of Panama about 3.5 million years ago

Narrow land bridge connecting two larger land masses, N.A & S.A

Describes a foraging strategy typically of animals that repeatedly venture out from a central place or nest to forage and then return to consume or store their food

The apparent deflection of objects across a rotating sphere

Alternations to the Carbon cycle and associated changes to the climate

Alter nutrient cycles, particularly Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Production and release of persistent organic chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons and estrogenmimickying chemicals

Wide-spread changes in land use, and land cover

Over hunting and overharvesting

Introduction of invasive species by non-native species

Alternations to the Nitrogen and Phosphorus cycles and associated changes to the climate

Alter nutrient cycles, particularly Carbon

Only overharvesting

Introduction of invasive species by non-native species

How an individual perceives its likelihood of being eaten by a predator

Caused by changes in an individuals perception of the abundance of predatory risk

Caused by changes in an individuals predator of the riskiness of its environment either because the availability of refuges change or because environmental conditions change in ways that make it easier or harder for a predator to capture the individual

Measure of the perceived cost of foraging

How an individual perceives its likelihood of being eaten by a predator

Caused by changes in an individuals perception of the abundance of predatory risk

Caused by changes in an individuals predator of the riskiness of its environment either because the availability of refuges change or because environmental conditions change in ways that make it easier or harder for a predator to capture the individual

Measure of the perceived cost of foraging

How an individual perceives its likelihood of being eaten by a predator

Caused by changes in an individuals perception of the abundance of predatory risk

Caused by changes in an individuals predator of the riskiness of its environment either because the availability of refuges change or because environmental conditions change in ways that make it easier or harder for a predator to capture the individual

Measure of the perceived cost of foraging

How an individual perceives its likelihood of being eaten by a predator

Caused by changes in an individuals perception of the abundance of predatory risk

Caused by changes in an individuals predator of the riskiness of its environment either because the availability of refuges change or because environmental conditions change in ways that make it easier or harder for a predator to capture the individual

Measure of the perceived cost of foraging

Asserts that evolution has favored behaviors that are in some way, optimal. Behaviors often described as those that maximize the difference between benefits and costs

Assess the value of a particular behavior or choice by comparing associated costs and benefits

Rate at which a predator gains energy from a given prey item

Describe the decrease in the marginal returns as total investment is increased, assuming all else remains constant

Asserts that evolution has favored behaviors that are in some way, optimal. Behaviors often described as those that maximize the difference between benefits and costs

Assess the value of a particular behavior or choice by comparing associated costs and benefits

Rate at which a predator gains energy from a given prey item

Describe the decrease in the marginal returns as total investment is increased, assuming all else remains constant

Asserts that evolution has favored behaviors that are in some way, optimal. Behaviors often described as those that maximize the difference between benefits and costs

Assess the value of a particular behavior or choice by comparing associated costs and benefits

Rate at which a predator gains energy from a given prey item

Describe the decrease in the marginal returns as total investment is increased, assuming all else remains constant

Asserts that evolution has favored behaviors that are in some way, optimal. Behaviors often described as those that maximize the difference between benefits and costs

Assess the value of a particular behavior or choice by comparing associated costs and benefits

Rate at which a predator gains energy from a given prey item

Describe the decrease in the marginal returns as total investment is increased, assuming all else remains constant

Stylized form of behavior used to advertise certain attributes

ex. courtship, pred-prey interactions, and conflicts

Study of strategical decision making in contests with 2 or more players

2 players compete for control of a resource

_____ - Aggressive and will escalate every contest to a fight, risking grievous injury when their opponent also plays _____. Always beat _____, 50/50 with other ____

______ - Never fight and therfore never get injured. Attempt to win contests through displays. Immediately back down from ____, 50/50 with other ____

Stylized form of behavior used to advertise certain attributes

ex. courtship, pred-prey interactions, and conflicts

Study of strategical decision making in contests with 2 or more players

2 players compete for control of a resource

_____ - Aggressive and will escalate every contest to a fight, risking grievous injury when their opponent also plays _____. Always beat _____, 50/50 with other ____

______ - Never fight and therfore never get injured. Attempt to win contests through displays. Immediately back down from ____, 50/50 with other ____

Stylized form of behavior used to advertise certain attributes

ex. courtship, pred-prey interactions, and conflicts

Study of strategical decision making in contests with 2 or more players

2 players compete for control of a resource

_____ - Aggressive and will escalate every contest to a fight, risking grievous injury when their opponent also plays _____. Always beat _____, 50/50 with other ____

______ - Never fight and therfore never get injured. Attempt to win contests through displays. Immediately back down from ____, 50/50 with other ____

Stylized form of behavior used to advertise certain attributes

ex. courtship, pred-prey interactions, and conflicts

Study of strategical decision making in contests with 2 or more players

2 players compete for control of a resource

_____ - Aggressive and will escalate every contest to a fight, risking grievous injury when their opponent also plays _____. Always beat _____, 50/50 with other ____

______ - Never fight and therfore never get injured. Attempt to win contests through displays. Immediately back down from ____, 50/50 with other ____

Stylized form of behavior used to advertise certain attributes

ex. courtship, pred-prey interactions, and conflicts

Study of strategical decision making in contests with 2 or more players

2 players compete for control of a resource

_____ - Aggressive and will escalate every contest to a fight, risking grievous injury when their opponent also plays _____. Always beat _____, 50/50 with other ____

______ - Never fight and therfore never get injured. Attempt to win contests through displays. Immediately back down from ____, 50/50 with other ____

One that cannot be invaded by an alternative strategy, single pure strategy or mix of strategies

Refers to the fact that the fitness of a particular phenotypic trait depends on its relative abundance within the population as a whole

A foraging strategy in which 1 animal steals food from another that has already captured or harvested or otherwise incurred some cost precuring the food

Player adopts the hawk role when in its own territory and dove when its not, territory owner most likely wins against the challenger

A game played between 2 players who must each choose whether to cooperate or defect before knowing what the other will do

One that cannot be invaded by an alternative strategy, single pure strategy or mix of strategies

Refers to the fact that the fitness of a particular phenotypic trait depends on its relative abundance within the population as a whole

A foraging strategy in which 1 animal steals food from another that has already captured or harvested or otherwise incurred some cost precuring the food

Player adopts the hawk role when in its own territory and dove when its not, territory owner most likely wins against the challenger

A game played between 2 players who must each choose whether to cooperate or defect before knowing what the other will do

One that cannot be invaded by an alternative strategy, single pure strategy or mix of strategies

Refers to the fact that the fitness of a particular phenotypic trait depends on its relative abundance within the population as a whole

A foraging strategy in which 1 animal steals food from another that has already captured or harvested or otherwise incurred some cost precuring the food

Player adopts the hawk role when in its own territory and dove when its not, territory owner most likely wins against the challenger

A game played between 2 players who must each choose whether to cooperate or defect before knowing what the other will do

One that cannot be invaded by an alternative strategy, single pure strategy or mix of strategies

Refers to the fact that the fitness of a particular phenotypic trait depends on its relative abundance within the population as a whole

A foraging strategy in which 1 animal steals food from another that has already captured or harvested or otherwise incurred some cost precuring the food

Player adopts the hawk role when in its own territory and dove when its not, territory owner most likely wins against the challenger

A game played between 2 players who must each choose whether to cooperate or defect before knowing what the other will do

One that cannot be invaded by an alternative strategy, single pure strategy or mix of strategies

Refers to the fact that the fitness of a particular phenotypic trait depends on its relative abundance within the population as a whole

A foraging strategy in which 1 animal steals food from another that has already captured or harvested or otherwise incurred some cost precuring the food

Player adopts the hawk role when in its own territory and dove when its not, territory owner most likely wins against the challenger

A game played between 2 players who must each choose whether to cooperate or defect before knowing what the other will do

Mating system in which a Male mates with more than 1 female, but each female mates with only 1 male during a single breeding season

Form of sexual reproduction in which the zygote is formed from the union of 2 gametes of unequal size and unlike form

Female - Larger more expensive Gamete

Male - Smaller more cheap Gamete

Female preference creates an evolutionary feedback loop that select for more and more extreme male ornaments

Any investment in an individual offspring that increase the offspring chance of surviving at the cost of the parents ability to invest in other offspring

Mating system in which a Male mates with more than 1 female, but each female mates with only 1 male during a single breeding season

Form of sexual reproduction in which the zygote is formed from the union of 2 gametes of unequal size and unlike form

Female - Larger more expensive Gamete

Male - Smaller more cheap Gamete

Female preference creates an evolutionary feedback loop that select for more and more extreme male ornaments

Any investment in an individual offspring that increase the offspring chance of surviving at the cost of the parents ability to invest in other offspring

Mating system in which a Male mates with more than 1 female, but each female mates with only 1 male during a single breeding season

Form of sexual reproduction in which the zygote is formed from the union of 2 gametes of unequal size and unlike form

Female - Larger more expensive Gamete

Male - Smaller more cheap Gamete

Female preference creates an evolutionary feedback loop that select for more and more extreme male ornaments

Any investment in an individual offspring that increase the offspring chance of surviving at the cost of the parents ability to invest in other offspring

Mating system in which a Male mates with more than 1 female, but each female mates with only 1 male during a single breeding season

Form of sexual reproduction in which the zygote is formed from the union of 2 gametes of unequal size and unlike form

Female - Larger more expensive Gamete

Male - Smaller more cheap Gamete

Female preference creates an evolutionary feedback loop that select for more and more extreme male ornaments

Any investment in an individual offspring that increase the offspring chance of surviving at the cost of the parents ability to invest in other offspring

91%

81%

To copulate (fuck) with another's mate

Strength of a males confidence that he's the father of a given offspring or broad

• Increases when he doesn't see any other males and the offspring look like him

• Decrease when he does see another male, and when the offspring don't look like him

91%

81%

To copulate (fuck) with another's mate

Strength of a males confidence that he's the father of a given offspring or broad

• Increases when he doesn't see any other males and the offspring look like him

• Decrease when he does see another male, and when the offspring don't look like him

91%

81%

To copulate (fuck) with another's mate

Strength of a males confidence that he's the father of a given offspring or broad

• Increases when he doesn't see any other males and the offspring look like him

• Decrease when he does see another male, and when the offspring don't look like him

91%

81%

To copulate (fuck) with another's mate

Strength of a males confidence that he's the father of a given offspring or broad

• Increases when he doesn't see any other males and the offspring look like him

• Decrease when he does see another male, and when the offspring don't look like him

1 to 1 ratio

ex. Puffin and sea hroses

Multiple Females to 1 Male ratio

ex. Elk and Elephant Seals

1 Female to Multiple Males ratio

ex. Hyenas

Everyone and anyone ratio

ex. Cheetahs and bonobos

Rare

1 to 1 ratio

ex. Puffin and sea hroses

Multiple Females to 1 Male ratio

ex. Elk and Elephant Seals

1 Female to Multiple Males ratio

ex. Hyenas

Everyone and anyone ratio

ex. Cheetahs and bonobos

Rare

1 to 1 ratio

ex. Puffin and sea hroses

Multiple Females to 1 Male ratio

ex. Elk and Elephant Seals

1 Female to Multiple Males ratio

ex. Hyenas

Everyone and anyone ratio

ex. Cheetahs and bonobos

Rare

1 to 1 ratio

ex. Puffin and sea hroses

Multiple Females to 1 Male ratio

ex. Elk and Elephant Seals

1 Female to Multiple Males ratio

ex. Hyenas

Everyone and anyone ratio

ex. Cheetahs and bonobos

Rare

Males should be monogamous, if they can increase their fitness more by providing personal care than by seeking additional mating opportunities

Male may increase their reproductive output by guarding their mates, preventing them from mating with other mates

Female actively prevent males from seeking other mates

Males should be monogamous, if they can increase their fitness more by providing personal care than by seeking additional mating opportunities

Male may increase their reproductive output by guarding their mates, preventing them from mating with other mates

Female actively prevent males from seeking other mates

Males should be monogamous, if they can increase their fitness more by providing personal care than by seeking additional mating opportunities

Male may increase their reproductive output by guarding their mates, preventing them from mating with other mates

Female actively prevent males from seeking other mates

When males compete for control of a harem and is epitomized by elephant seals and elk

Male compete to hold good territories that furnish resources

Males congregate on communal courting grounds (Leks) and attempt to woo mats with their displays

When males compete for control of a harem and is epitomized by elephant seals and elk

Male compete to hold good territories that furnish resources

Males congregate on communal courting grounds (Leks) and attempt to woo mats with their displays

When males compete for control of a harem and is epitomized by elephant seals and elk

Male compete to hold good territories that furnish resources

Males congregate on communal courting grounds (Leks) and attempt to woo mats with their displays

Animals that freely release gametes into the water

Wind Pollinated - Plants version

Form of Polygynandry

When an otherwise monogamous individual copulates outside of the pair bond with an individual that is not his or her mate

Resource care for offspring, protection, and increased fertility

Good sense that increase offspring fitness or attractiveness so that they can gain more reproductive opportunities

Animals that freely release gametes into the water

Wind Pollinated - Plants version

Form of Polygynandry

When an otherwise monogamous individual copulates outside of the pair bond with an individual that is not his or her mate

Resource care for offspring, protection, and increased fertility

Good sense that increase offspring fitness or attractiveness so that they can gain more reproductive opportunities

Animals that freely release gametes into the water

Wind Pollinated - Plants version

Form of Polygynandry

When an otherwise monogamous individual copulates outside of the pair bond with an individual that is not his or her mate

Resource care for offspring, protection, and increased fertility

Good sense that increase offspring fitness or attractiveness so that they can gain more reproductive opportunities

Animals that freely release gametes into the water

Wind Pollinated - Plants version

Form of Polygynandry

When an otherwise monogamous individual copulates outside of the pair bond with an individual that is not his or her mate

Resource care for offspring, protection, and increased fertility

Good sense that increase offspring fitness or attractiveness so that they can gain more reproductive opportunities

A potentially costly act that benefits the recipient with out providing the actor with any benefits in return

ex. Vampire bats

When an actor behaves in a manner that both benefits the recipient and improves the actors inclusive fitness

Calling directly benefits the caller by helping it to avoid being caught

Calling indirectly benefits the caller by increasing the survival of close relatives who share some portion of the callers genes

Calling directly benefits the caller because the warning is reciprocated at a later time by the squirrels who are warned by the caller

A potentially costly act that benefits the recipient with out providing the actor with any benefits in return

ex. Vampire bats

When an actor behaves in a manner that both benefits the recipient and improves the actors inclusive fitness

Calling directly benefits the caller by helping it to avoid being caught

Calling indirectly benefits the caller by increasing the survival of close relatives who share some portion of the callers genes

Calling directly benefits the caller because the warning is reciprocated at a later time by the squirrels who are warned by the caller

A potentially costly act that benefits the recipient with out providing the actor with any benefits in return

ex. Vampire bats

When an actor behaves in a manner that both benefits the recipient and improves the actors inclusive fitness

Calling directly benefits the caller by helping it to avoid being caught

Calling indirectly benefits the caller by increasing the survival of close relatives who share some portion of the callers genes

Calling directly benefits the caller because the warning is reciprocated at a later time by the squirrels who are warned by the caller

A potentially costly act that benefits the recipient with out providing the actor with any benefits in return

ex. Vampire bats

When an actor behaves in a manner that both benefits the recipient and improves the actors inclusive fitness

Calling directly benefits the caller by helping it to avoid being caught

Calling indirectly benefits the caller by increasing the survival of close relatives who share some portion of the callers genes

Calling directly benefits the caller because the warning is reciprocated at a later time by the squirrels who are warned by the caller

A potentially costly act that benefits the recipient with out providing the actor with any benefits in return

ex. Vampire bats

When an actor behaves in a manner that both benefits the recipient and improves the actors inclusive fitness

Calling directly benefits the caller by helping it to avoid being caught

Calling indirectly benefits the caller by increasing the survival of close relatives who share some portion of the callers genes

Calling directly benefits the caller because the warning is reciprocated at a later time by the squirrels who are warned by the caller

+/+ mutually benefice behaviors benefit both actor and recipient and are relatively easy to explain as they directly improve the fitness of both individuals

+/- Benefit actor while negatively impacting the recipent

-/+ benefit recipient but not the actor, puzzling

-/- neither individual gains a fitness benefit, both harmed, extremely rare

+/+ mutually benefice behaviors benefit both actor and recipient and are relatively easy to explain as they directly improve the fitness of both individuals

+/- Benefit actor while negatively impacting the recipent

-/+ benefit recipient but not the actor, puzzling

-/- neither individual gains a fitness benefit, both harmed, extremely rare

+/+ mutually benefice behaviors benefit both actor and recipient and are relatively easy to explain as they directly improve the fitness of both individuals

+/- Benefit actor while negatively impacting the recipent

-/+ benefit recipient but not the actor, puzzling

-/- neither individual gains a fitness benefit, both harmed, extremely rare

+/+ mutually benefice behaviors benefit both actor and recipient and are relatively easy to explain as they directly improve the fitness of both individuals

+/- Benefit actor while negatively impacting the recipent

-/+ benefit recipient but not the actor, puzzling

-/- neither individual gains a fitness benefit, both harmed, extremely rare

All members can expect to gain some food, not just the one that takes down the prey

Creating a defensive circle to ward off a potential predator all of their young are most likely to survive

Subordinate male can maximize their inclusive fitness by forgoing breeding in order to help closely related dominant male achieving greater reproductive success

If breeding's territories are immitted a subordinate male may maximize its fitness by helping a dominate make until an opening appears

All members can expect to gain some food, not just the one that takes down the prey

Creating a defensive circle to ward off a potential predator all of their young are most likely to survive

Subordinate male can maximize their inclusive fitness by forgoing breeding in order to help closely related dominant male achieving greater reproductive success

If breeding's territories are immitted a subordinate male may maximize its fitness by helping a dominate make until an opening appears

All members can expect to gain some food, not just the one that takes down the prey

Creating a defensive circle to ward off a potential predator all of their young are most likely to survive

Subordinate male can maximize their inclusive fitness by forgoing breeding in order to help closely related dominant male achieving greater reproductive success

If breeding's territories are immitted a subordinate male may maximize its fitness by helping a dominate make until an opening appears

All members can expect to gain some food, not just the one that takes down the prey

Creating a defensive circle to ward off a potential predator all of their young are most likely to survive

Subordinate male can maximize their inclusive fitness by forgoing breeding in order to help closely related dominant male achieving greater reproductive success

If breeding's territories are immitted a subordinate male may maximize its fitness by helping a dominate make until an opening appears

Survival: Increases caller death x2

Survival: Decreases caller death x10

Caller: Majority Female

Caller: Both Male and Female

Discrimination: No discrimination

Survival: Increases caller death x2

Survival: Decreases caller death x10

Caller: Majority Female

Caller: Both Male and Female

Discrimination: No discrimination

Strict division of reproductive labor, some breed while other don't

Cooperative care of the young

Overlapping generations, at least 2 overlapping generations share the colony labor

Reciprocal care of the young

Only made up of a single generation of organisms, and females only share the colony labor