time of crusades & continuous pilgrimage

bubonic plague

marked by economic, intellectual and cultural decline

Motte-and-Bailey castle: a European fortification with a wooden or stone keep situated on a raised area of ground called a motte, accompanied by a walled courtyard, or bailey, surrounded by a protective ditch and palisade.

Known as Bran Castle in Transylvania. Also known as Dracula's Castle

style of architecture developed between the roman and the gothic styles after 1000 AD

architectural style first coined by Charles de Gerville

Romanesque are characterized by round arches, vaults, and thick walls.

Inspired by Roman, Early Christian & Byzantine style which focused on sweeping religious buildings

Sober and Dignified

Building material in Romanesque Architecture

heavy articulated masonry construction

central & western tower for churches

It is characterized by a revival of the forms of classical antiquity modified by ecclesiastical requirements. It heavily barrowed styles from Early Christian & Byzantine Architecture

a member of the Carolingan dynasty, was King of the Franks from 788, King of the Lombards from 774, and the first Holy Roman Emperor from 800

the early Romanesque architecture of the German dynasty that ruled as emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from 962-1002 AD. It was characterized by the development of forms derived from Carolingian and Byzantine Concepts

Early Romanesque architecture of northern Italy during the 7th and 8th centuries, characterized by the use of early Christian and roman forms and the development of the ribbed vault and vaulting shaft

the early Romanesque architecture of England before the Norman Conquest in 1066. It was characterized by the transition of timber prototypes into stone.

Romanesque architecture introduced from Normandy into England before the Norman conquest and flourishing until the rise of Gothic architecture.

It was characterized by the building of great Benedictine abbeys, the two-tower facade supplementing a central tower over the crossing and the use of geometric ornamentation.

orientation of churches in Romanesque

characterized by free and sculptural use of the classical orders and ornaments, dynamic opposition and interpenetration of spaces and the dramatic combined effects of architecture, sculpture, painting and decorative arts

evolved in Rome as an expression of the Catholic resurgence that followed the Counter-Reformation

a pediment having its cornices interrupted at the crown or apex, the gap often being filled with an urn, a cartouche or other ornament

grand stairways

European population reduced due to the___________

rise of Italian Merchants/mercantilism

Start of the internal struggle within the Roman catholic Church Structure

cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period.

scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art

Renaissance derived from the concept of Roman "humanitas" and the rediscovery of classical Greek philosophy, such as that of _____________, who said that "man is the measure of all things".

development of perspective in oil painting and the revived knowledge of how to make concrete

invention of metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century

Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and was succeeded by Baroque architecture

founding father of Renaissance architecture

first person to receive a patent in the Western World

Filippo Bruneleschi is most famous for designing the _________

orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters and lintels, as well as the use of semicircular arches, hemispherical domes, niches and aediculae replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings.

regularity of parts, as demonstrated in the architecture of classical antiquity and in particular ancient Roman architecture, of which many examples remained.

the period saw the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman empire

Basilica di San Lorenzo in Florence by Filippo Brunelleschi

one of the largest churches of Florence, Italy, situated at the centre of the city's main market district, and the burial place of all the principal members of the Medici family.

Florentine Italian artist of the early renaissance best known as the creator of the bronze doors of the Florence Baptistery, called by Michelangelo the Gates of Paradise.

major masterpiece of the Early renaissance

he epitomized the renaissance man

one of the great pioneers of architecture during the Renaissance. Was a favored Medici architect who was extensively employed by Cosimo de' Medici

pupil of Lorenzo Ghiberti in his early years and later collaborated with Donatello

representative architect of High Renaissance

masterpiece of high renaissance

architects experimented with using architectural forms to emphasize solid and spatial relationship

visual trickery and unexpected elements that challenged the Renaissance norms

Piazza del Campidoglio

best known architect associated with the Mannerist style was ___________

one of the most prominent architectural styles in the Western World

aim to strip away the excesses of Late Baroque and return to a purer and more authentic classical style, adapted to modern purposes

this was the first "stripped down" classical architecture, and appeared to be modern in the context of the Revolutionary period in Europe

grid system of streets

new machines and innovative processes helped change nations from agricultural to industrial ones

age of revival and age of innovation

eclecticism, taste of exotic forms, combing native and foreign styles

form follows function

reinforced concrete was first used by __________

a reaction against poor-quality mass-produced goods, conceiving of craft and decoration as a single entity in the handcrafting of both utilitarian and decorative objects

an art free of any historical style

by undulating lines, sinuous and whiplash curves and the depiction of leaves, flowers and flowing vines, organic

one of the most recognizable forms of the art nouveau

his work was influenced by his passion in life: Architecture, Nature and religion

less is bore