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WorksheetsOverall Midterm Review
Total questions: 155
Worksheet time: 1hrs 17mins
For which action is Nat Turner well known?
leading a violent slave revolt
fighting in the American Revolution
publishing an antislavery newspaper
promoting a nonviolent end to slavery
What did the abolition movement promote?
relocating black slaves to Africa
prohibiting the drinking of alcohol
removing Native Americans from eastern states
ending the institution of slavery
What belief was one important feature of the Second Great Awakening?
a belief in the truth found in nature
a belief in personal responsibility for salvation
a belief in a God who decides each person's fate
a belief in the perfection of human beings
What term refers to the 19th-century belief that married women's activities should be limited to housework and family?
feminism
temperance
the cult of sentiments
the cult of domesticity
Which of the following did Frederick Douglass not do?
emigrate to Africa
publish a newspaper
work as an urban slave
lecture on the evils of slavery
Which of the following was not a problem faced by "mill girls" in Massachusetts?
wage cuts
increased workloads
lack of safe places to stay
unhealthy working conditions
In what way was the National Trades' Union unusual for its time?
It represented only glassworkers.
It represented workers in a variety of industries.
It discouraged striking as a means of protest.
It was supported by bankers and business owners.
In which philosophical movement was Ralph Waldo Emerson a leader?
utopianism
Unitarianism
humanitarianism
transcendentalism
Which group commonly worked as strikebreakers for low wages?
young women
free blacks
Irish immigrants
temperance workers
What are journeymen?
workers who join labor unions
workers who move from job to job
young workers who are learning a new craft
skilled artisans who are employed by master artisans
The Second Great Awakening centered on the belief that a person's salvation depended on
the help of a minister.
his or her own efforts.
the determination of God.
his or her attendance at revival meetings.
Unlike revivalism, Unitarianism emphasized
love of nature.
fear of God's wrath.
reason and conscience.
emotional preaching and prayer.
One result of Nat Turner's rebellion was
the launching of the abolitionist movement.
the founding of the African Methodist Episcopal Church.
the tightening of laws controlling African-American slaves.
the liberation of hundreds of slaves.
As an abolitionist, Frederick Douglass favored
political action to end slavery.
violent rebellion by blacks.
resettlement of blacks in Africa.
a spiritual promise of freedom.
The "cult of domesticity" that governed the lives of married women in the early 1800s was based on
federal laws.
religious laws.
feminist reforms.
prevailing customs.
At the Seneca Falls Convention, a resolution that women should receive the right to vote was
voted down.
not even presented.
only narrowly approved.
approved unanimously.
Most of the workers in textile factories in the 1820s were
skilled journeymen.
young single women.
boys and girls.
free African Americans.
The temperance movement recognized
the equality of men and women.
the importance of the church as a political voice for blacks.
the destructive effects of drunkenness on family life.
the truth found in nature and the imagination.
The Second Great Awakening was similar to Jacksonian democracy in its emphasis on
the importance of reason and conscience.
an emotional conversion experience.
the power of the average citizen.
the equality of blacks and whites.
In the 1820s, it was not true that urban slaves
were often hired out to factory owners.
spent more time on their own than rural slaves.
were better clothed and fed than rural slaves.
kept half of the money they earned.
Which candidate did John Quincy Adams defeat in the controversial election of 1824?
Henry Clay
James Monroe
Daniel Webster
Andrew Jackson
Which idea is promoted by the concept of nullification?
nationalism
states' rights
territorial expansion
judicial review
Which group was forcibly relocated by means of the "Trail of Tears"?
Mexicans
Shoshone
African slaves
Cherokee
Which area did the Monroe Doctrine aim to free from European influence?
the Oregon territory
North America
the Western Hemisphere
Texas
Which development led to a sharp rise in the number of slaves imported to the southern United States?
the cotton gin
interchangeable parts
steam-powered machinery
the canal system
Which Americans benefited most from the Tariff of 1816?
farmers
Consumers
manufacturers
shipping companies
Who began the practice of replacing high-ranking members of the executive branch when a new president takes office?
James Monroe
Andrew Jackson
Martin Van Buren
John Quincy Adams
Completed in 1825, the Erie Canal connected the Atlantic Ocean with what?
New York City
the Great Lakes
the National Road
the Mississippi River
Which Whig candidate defeated Martin Van Buren for president by depicting himself as a man of the people?
John Tyler
Andrew Jackson
John Quincy Adams
William Henry Harrison
Which of the following was responsible for the United States acquiring Florida?
Monroe Doctrine
Indian Removal Act
Adams-Onís Treaty
Missouri Compromise
The Monroe Doctrine was largely a response to
the debate over admitting slave states to the Union.
the interest of European nations in creating colonies in North and South America.
the need to strengthen the national economy despite sectional differences.
fighting between western settlers and Native Americans.
The 1828 "Tariff of Abominations" was given that name by those who thought the tariff hurt the South while helping
British importers.
small farmers.
Northern manufacturers.
frontier settlers in the West.
The American System helped bring the nation together by
maintaining the balance between slave states and free states.
withdrawing funds from the unpopular Bank of the United States.
giving common people across the nation a voice in the national government.
creating a better transportation network to facilitate the exchange of goods.
Andrew Jackson used the power of the presidency to
influence Supreme Court decisions in which he was interested.
fire many federal officials and appoint loyal followers in their places.
raise tariffs to fill the government treasury with funds.
recognize the land claims of the Cherokee Nation.
The factory system was dependent on all of the following except
craftsmen
inexpensive labor.
Some Native American peoples in the Southeast were called "the five civilized tribes" because
they joined together in an alliance.
they welcomed white settlers on their lands.
they had adopted aspects of European culture.
their traditional cultures had written languages.
Nullification promotes the idea of
nationalism.
states' rights.
judicial review.
territorial expansion.
The Whig Party, formed in 1834, supported
protective tariffs and a federal banking system.
pet banks and a national currency.
states' rights and nullification.
expanded voting rights and Indian removal.
The concept of states' rights was enthusiastically supported by
John Marshall.
Daniel Webster.
Andrew Jackson.
John C. Calhoun.
Andrew Jackson's "pet banks" contributed to the Panic of 1837 by
lending money to members of Congress at lower rates than they did to others.
printing paper money that was not backed up by gold and silver.
making risky loans to factory owners in New England.
calling in loans made to state governments.
Who suggested that the nation's capital be moved from New York City to a new city in the South in order to help gain support for his national debt plan?
George Washington
Alexander Hamilton
John Jay
Thomas Jefferson
Which law created the Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and five associate justices?
the Alien Acts
the Sedition Act
the Judiciary Act of 1789
the Judiciary Act of 1801
Which event was a response to an unpopular excise tax imposed by the federal government?
the Whiskey Rebellion
the XYZ Affair
Marbury v. Madison
the British blockade of the eastern seacoast
Who secured a treaty with Spain giving the United States shipping rights on the Mississippi River?
Edmond Genêt
Thomas Pinckney
William Henry Harrison
John Adams
During John Adams's presidency, why were Democratic-Republicans outraged by the Alien and Sedition Acts?
They believed the laws would draw the United States into foreign wars.
They believed the laws violated freedom of speech.
They believed the laws would open the gates to French immigrants.
They believed the laws would give too much power to the courts.
What principle was affirmed in the Supreme Court case of Marbury v. Madison?
the right of the citizens to criticize their government
the right of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional
the right of Congress to declare war
the right of states to nullify an act of Congress that they deem unconstitutional
Who was president when the United States acquired and began to explore the Louisiana Territory?
George Washington
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
Why did the United States go to war against Britain in 1812?
Britain was trying to buy the Louisiana Territory.
Britain was interfering with U.S. foreign trade.
Britain refused to give up its forts in the Northwest Territory.
Britain was becoming too friendly with France.
Who attempted to unite Native Americans into a confederacy to protect their homeland against white intruders?
Tecumseh
Little Turtle
Mad Anthony Wayne
the war hawks
Over which of the following issues did the nation become divided in the 1790s?
whether African Americans should be given full citizenship
whether the United States should ally itself with France or Britain
whether the central government or state governments should be stronger
whether the United States should expand west of the Mississippi
In the 1790s, a Federalist would most likely have supported
a national bank.
a limited national government.
an economy based on farming.
the strict interpretation of the Constitution.
Hamilton proposed moving the nation's capital from New York City to a new site on the Potomac primarily to
please wealthy business associates.
further his own ambitions to become president.
win Southern support for his banking proposals.
weaken the power of the federal government.
The outcome of the Whiskey Rebellion helped to establish the power of the federal government to
impose taxes.
enforce federal laws within states.
control interstate and foreign trade.
reinterpret the Bill of Rights.
Thomas Jefferson was a supporter of all of the following except
farmers.
free trade.
the French Revolution.
large government.
The XYZ Affair resulted in
strong anti-French feelings in the United States and fears of sedition.
an agreement by the British to evacuate the Northwest Territory.
American use of the Mississippi River for trade.
the death of George Washington.
The Sedition Act allowed the national government to jail people for
making negative statements about the government.
challenging the constitutionality of a law.
selling, manufacturing, or distributing whiskey.
not paying ones debts in a timely manner.
The Shawnee chief Tecumseh attempted to
negotiate a fair peace treaty with the U.S. government.
organize a confederacy of Native American tribes.
guide Lewis and Clark through the Louisiana Territory.
attack British forts along the Canadian border.
For 15 million dollars, the United States was able to purchase the Louisiana Territory from
Spain
France
Great Britain.
Native Americans.
The Supreme Court's ruling in Marbury v. Madison affirmed that
lame-duck presidents could not make last-minute court appointments.
the powers of the Supreme Court are set by the Constitution.
the judicial branch had an equal role in making laws.
presidential appointments could not be based on partisan politics.
All of the following occurred during the War of 1812 except
British ships blockaded the eastern seacoast.
the White House and the Capitol were burned.
New Orleans was lost to the British.
Andrew Jackson became a national hero.
Under the Articles of Confederation, each state's power in Congress was based on
one vote per state
the state's size
the state's total population
the state's voting population
The Articles of Confederation gave the national government the power to
declare war
collect taxes
regulate foreign trade
regulate interstate trade
From the time of the Declaration of Independence until the ratification of the Constitution, the United States functioned without
courts
an army
a president
a national currency
One of the accomplishments of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was to
set up a plan for surveying western lands
challenge Spain's claim to the Mississippi River
transfer ownership of western lands from states to the national government
establish requirements for admitting new states to the Union
Shays's Rebellion was a protest by farmers who faced problems from
an oversupply of paper currency
debts they owed to creditors
debts owed to them by Congress
debts owed to them by the state of Massachusetts
The Great Compromise was an agreement about how to
ratify the Constitution
count slaves in determining population
determine a state's representation in Congress
divide powers between the states and the central government
The system that maintains the separation of powers among the branches of the federal government is called
reserved powers
delegated powers
checks and balances
a bicameral legislature
The number of states needed to ratify the Constitution before it could go into effect was
seven
nine
eleven
thirteen
Adding a bill of rights to the Constitution was largely supported by the
small states
large states
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
All of the following men wrote letters contained in The Federalist except
John Jay
Patrick Henry
James Madison
Alexander Hamilton
Before adopting the Articles of Confederation, the Continental Congress wrestled with all of the following questions except
Should representation be by population or by state?
Can supreme power be divided among the states?
Should the United States become a republic?
Who should get western lands?
Under the Articles of Confederation, only the national government could
impose taxes
make treaties
enforce the acts of Congress
regulate trade between or among states
The office of president of the United States was first established in the
Constitution
Bill of Rights
Articles of Confederation
The standards for admitting new states to the Union were set down in the
Constitution
Land Ordinance of 1785
Articles of Confederation
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
The proposal that called for a two-house legislature with one house having equal representation for each state and the other having representation based on population was the
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Great Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise
Shays's Rebellion contributed to the belief among political leaders that
the Articles of Confederation were working well
the nation needed a stronger central government
big states and small states should be represented equally in Congress
slaves should not be counted as people in determining representation
The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution to
protect personal liberties
make the Constitution flexible
make all citizens equal under the law
limit the power of the judicial branch
All of the following were problems under the Articles of Confederation except
states did not show support for national issues, such as foreign relations
Congress lacked the power to tax, to help pay down the national debt
representation in Congress was not proportional to state population
there was no way to divide western lands into territories
The system of checks and balances is designed to prevent the dominance of
Federalists over Antifederalists
one house of Congress over the other
one branch of the national government over the other two
northern states over southern states
The Antifederalists, in general, strongly supported the idea of
a bill of rights
a two-house legislature
a strong central government
more votes by large states in Congress
During which event did the first fighting between redcoats and minutemen occur?
Boston Massacre
Battle of Lexington
Battle of Monmouth
Battle of Bunker Hill
Who wrote a pamphlet called Common Sense, arguing that the time had come for American independence?
General Thomas Gage
John Locke
Samuel Adams
Thomas Paine
Which European country supported the American colonies during the Revolutionary War?
Germany
Spain
Italy
France
Which event confirmed American independence and set the boundaries of the new nation?
the New Jersey Plan
the Treaty of Paris
the Olive Branch Petition
the British surrender at Yorktown
In which incident did Crispus Attucks play a significant role?
the Boston Massacre
the Boston Tea Party
the Battle of Bunker Hill
the seizure of the ship Liberty
Which of the following men helped to found the Sons of Liberty?
George Washington
King George III
William Franklin
Samuel Adams
What did the Townshend Acts bring about?
direct taxes on legal documents
indirect taxes on imported goods
relief from taxes on tea
the closing of Boston Harbor
How did the colonists react to the Intolerable Acts?
Housewives began to boycott British tea
An angry mob in Boston harassed British soldiers
Assemblies in the colonies set up committees of correspondence
The First Continental Congress drew up a declaration of colonial rights
Whose concepts did Jefferson draw upon as he drafted the Declaration of Independence?
John Locke's
Benjamin Franklin's
Samuel Adams's
Marquis de Lafayette's
During the Revolutionary War, what did the Continental Army lack?
Indian allies
motivation to fight
food and ammunition
good military leadership
The formation of the Sons of Liberty was a response to
the Intolerable Acts
the Stamp Act
the Quartering Act
the Townshend Acts
One direct result of the Intolerable Acts was
the Boston Tea Party
the convening of the First Continental Congress
the Battle of Bunker Hill
the split between Loyalists and Patriots
The document that was crucial in changing public opinion to support independence was
an account of the Battle of Lexington
the Olive Branch Petition
John Locke's Two Treatises on Government
Thomas Paine's Common Sense
The Continental Army scored its first and much-needed victory at
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Trenton, New Jersey
New York City
Albany, New York
The involvement of the Marquis de Lafayette in the war meant that
George Washington had failed as a leader
American troops would now be better trained
American troops would gain reinforcements
France would dictate the terms of the peace treaty
Duties on materials imported from Britain such as glass, lead, paint, and paper went into effect after Parliament passed the
Stamp Act
Townshend Acts
Intolerable Acts
Quartering Act
The Boston Massacre was a response to
the stationing of British soldiers in Boston
the dumping of British tea in Boston Harbor
an editorial written by Samuel Adams
the British seizure of the ship Liberty
The low point of the Revolutionary War for the Continental Army was
the battle at Saratoga, New York
the Boston Massacre
the battle of Cowpens, South Carolina
the winter at Valley Forge
Samuel Adams called April 19, 1775, 'a glorious day for America' because
the Stamp Act had been repealed
the Declaration of Independence had been signed
the fight for independence had begun at Lexington and Concord
the Treaty of Paris had been signed, acknowledging U.S. independence
In the colonies in 1776, Patriots made up
about one-fourth of the population
about half the population
about two-thirds of the population
nearly all of the population
According to the theory of mercantilism, a country has a favorable balance of trade when it does not depend on products from other countries.
a. it does not depend on products from other countries.
b. other countries do not depend on its products.
c. the value of exports is greater than the value of imports.
d. the value of exports is less than the value of exports.
The purpose of the Navigation Acts was to
a. restrict colonial trade.
b. expand colonial trade.
c. strengthen England's navy.
d. make the colonies self-sufficient.
As a result of England's policy of 'salutary neglect,' the colonies developed
a desire for fine British Goods
a self sufficient economy
a disloyal attitude toward Britain
a desire for self-government
In the late 1600s, the number of enslaved Africans in the South increased dramatically, in part due to a decline in
the Availability of Native American workers
the prices paid for African slaves
the availability of indentured servants from Europe
the need for unskilled labor in the North
The 'middle passage' refers to the part of the transatlantic trade network that carried
a. rum from the West Indies to New England.
b. raw materials from the colonies to England.
c. Africans from the West Indies to North America.
d. Africans from Africa to the West Indies and North America.
The Enlightenment was a movement that emphasized the value of
a. reason.
b. religion.
c. miracles.
d. emotions.
The Great Awakening caused some colonists to
a. seek spirituality through the use of reason.
b. shift their loyalty from England to America.
c. pay more attention to the scientific method.
d. abandon their Puritan and Anglican congregations.
During the French and Indian War, Native Americans fought on the side of
a. the British.
b. the French.
c. both the British and the French.
d. neither the British nor the French.
With the Proclamation of 1763, the British government attempted to
a. stop settlement west of the Appalachians.
b. encourage settlement west of the Appalachians.
c. force France off the North American continent.
d. claim Canada and North America east of the Mississippi.
The Sugar Act was an effort by the British Parliament to
a. reduce colonial smuggling.
b. boost the colonial shipbuilding industry.
c. limit the colonists' use of tea.
d. raise money to carry on war with France.
What was the main purpose of the Navigation Acts passed by Parliament in 1651?
a. to increase taxes in the colonies
b. to control colonial trade
c. to build up the navy
d. to organize the shipbuilding industry
Which of the following was considered the largest city in America in the mid-1700s?
a. Boston
b. New York
c. Philadelphia
d. Charles Town
Which detail about King James II made him unpopular in England?
a. He was childless.
b. He was a Roman Catholic.
c. He was reluctant to resist Parliament.
d. He was harsh in his treatment of the colonies.
Which of the following was NOT associated with the movement known as the Enlightenment?
respect for the individual
scientific experimentation
questioning traditional authority
political and legal rights for women
Which of the following directly contributed to the increase in African slaves brought to the colonies?
a. a lack of indentured servants
b. laws restricting white slavery
c. decrease in the birthrate in colonies
d. high wages paid to indentured servants
Which of the following best describes Jonathan Edwards's main goal?
a. the separation of church and state
b. a return to the original Puritan vision
c. the formation of nontraditional churches
d. an emphasis on reason and individualism
Britain issued the Proclamation of 1763 in an attempt to ban colonial settlement where?
a. west of the Mississippi
b. east of the Appalachians
c. west of the Appalachians
d. west of the Atlantic seaboard
Which of the following is considered by most historians to be the turning point in the French and Indian War?
a. the French capture of Pittsburgh
b. the British capture of Fort Necessity
c. the British capture of Quebec
d. the French capture of Fort Duquesne
The Stono Rebellion was a conflict between which two groups?
a. Southern slaves and planters
b. Northern slaves and their owners
c. Native Americans and Southern colonists
d. Southern indentured servants and their owners
What was the main reason that there were more enslaved persons in the South than in the North during the 1700s?
Slavery had been outlawed in the North
Slaves could not tolerate the climate in the North
Southern colonists were less willing to do physical labor
The Southern economy depended on a larger number of field laborers.
The Spanish monarchy abolished the encomienda system because the system
a. brutally exploited Native Americans.
b. failed to produce sufficient wealth for Spain.
C. led to disputes among Spanish settlers in the Americas.
d. promoted intermarriage between Spanish settlers and Native Americans.
The Spanish first moved into the North American Southwest in an effort to establish
establish missions.
obtain precious metals.
strengthen the security of New Spain.
obtain trade goods
The Pueblo leader Popé led a revolt in response to Spanish efforts to
a. establish trade routes.
b. impose Spanish culture.
C. mine for precious metals.
d. replace Tenochtitlán with Mexico City.
The first English colonies in North America were set up in the hope of achieving
a. financial gain for investors.
b. political freedom for settlers.
C. religious freedom for settlers.
d. military supremacy for England.
Jamestown's most serious problems during its first year were caused by
a. infectious diseases.
b. severe weather conditions.
C. the settlers' attitudes and impracticality.
d. Native Americans' hostility toward European settlement.
Bacon's Rebellion resulted from Nathaniel Bacon's sympathy with the problems faced by
a. religious separatists.
b. wealthy planters and landowners.
C. Native American peoples.
d. English settlers on the frontier.
The Puritans' views and attitudes led them to promote the idea of
a. social equality.
b. religious tolerance.
C. hard work for common goals.
d. separation of church and state.
The Pequot War involved all of the following except
the virtual elimination of the Pequot nation.
extreme violence on the part of English colonists.
a. attacks on colonial villages by allied Native American tribes.
d. cooperation between English colonists and Native American allies.
The colony that was founded on principles of social equality and religious tolerance was
a. Plymouth.
b. New York.
C. Pennsylvania.
d. Massachusetts Bay.
The North American colonies in the 1600s were all similar in their
a. obligations to investment companies.
b. need to attract settlers in order to prosper.
C. attitudes and behavior toward Native American peoples.
d. social division between a land-owning aristocracy and a landless lower class.
Which Native American group depended on the sea for a living?
the Olmec
the Pueblo
the Kwakiutl
the Hohokam
How did the first people to arrive in the Americas support themselves?
by fishing
by gathering
by hunting big animals
by hunting small animals
What was needed before cities and complex civilizations could develop in the Americas?
plenty of land
a surplus of food
a large population
access to precious metals
How did the African kingdoms of Songhai, Benin, and Kongo all gain power?
by controlling trade
by ruling democratically
by mining gold
by selling slaves
Between which two groups did the Treaty of Tordesillas prevent conflict?
Spanish and Portuguese
Spanish and English
Portuguese and Brazilians
Catholics and Protestants
After the Europeans arrived in the Caribbean, what caused the deaths of countless Native Americans?
wars
diseases
hurricanes
droughts
What are the Pueblo known for?
kivas, pottery, and multistory buildings
totem poles, potlatches, and whale hunting
villages built in forest clearings
gold mining and control over trade
How was slavery in West Africa different from later slavery in the Americas?
West African slaves were born into slavery.
West African slaves could escape their bondage.
In West Africa, only men were enslaved.
West African slavery was based on race.
Which of the following led to a new confidence in human achievement?
the Columbian Exchange
the Renaissance
the Crusades
the Hundred Years War
Which description fits Prince Henry of Portugal, called "the Navigator"?
first person to sail around the southern tip of Africa
sea explorer who sailed west to find Asia
inventor of the compass and the astrolabe
sponsor of the first European sea voyages
The Pueblo are known for all of the following except
pottery
kivas.
woodworking tools.
multistory dwellings.
The Hohokam and Anasazi are best known for their development of
trade routes.
desert farming.
burial mounds.
writing systems.
All of the following resulted from the Atlantic slave trade except
an increase in enslaved Native Americans.
the exportation of slaves from Africa.
the establishment of sugar-plantation colonies.
damage to many African societies.
The Crusades led to all of the following except
decreased power for the Pope.
Christian control of the Holy Land.
increased power for European monarchs.
increased trade between Europe and Asia.
One similarity between European and African societies in the 1400s was that
life centered around the extended family.
most people lived in small villages.
monarchs struggled with the Catholic church for power.
people drew inspiration from the ancient Greeks and Romans.
The first Native Americans that Columbus encountered called themselves
Olmec.
Taino.
Nootka.
Acoma.
Columbus's voyages to the Americas led to all of the following in Europe except
support for democratic ideals in government.
increased rivalry among nations.
the availability of new sources of food.
interest in migrating to the Americas.
Early migration to the Americas from Asia ended about 10,000 years ago because
living conditions in Asia improved.
the game that supported life disappeared.
climatic changes made North America inhospitable.
access to North America was no longer possible on foot.
The development of complex societies in the Americas was first made possible by
the use of slave labor.
the arrival of the Europeans.
the development of agriculture.
an extensive trade network.
The model of using West African slaves as the labor force on plantations was developed by the
Portuguese
Spanish.
Bakongo.
Iroquois.
The Kashaya Pomo lived in what is now the state of
Arizona.
California.
Minnesota.
Washington.
All of the following are important aspects of Kwakiutl culture EXCEPT
adobe.
totems.
fishing.
potlatches.
Which region of the present-day United States is the native home of the Pueblo?
the East
the Midwest
the Northwest
the Southwest
The native environment of the Iroquois consisted of
rainforests.
woodlands.
arid deserts.
rugged mountains.
According to the views and values of most Native American peoples, an individual could NOT claim ownership rights to
land.
crops.
medicines.
household items.
