Nineteenth-century political philosophy that expanded suffrage to most White men over the age of 21 and restructured a number of federal institutions. It promoted the power of the presidency at the expense of Congress, while also broadening the public's participation in government.

Policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at the federal level by Andrew Jackson.

Noteworthy for its unprecedentedly high duties on imports. Southerners vehemently opposed the tariff, arguing that it hurt southern farmers.

The theory, advocated in response to the Tariff of 1828, that states could void federal law at

their discretion.

Showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect the duties.

Ordered the forced migration of American Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi River to newly established Indian reservations west of Arkansas and Missouri.

Forced march of 15,000 Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to the Indian Territory. Some 4,000 Cherokee died on the arduous journey.

Political battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal in 1832. Jackson vetoed the Bank Bill.

Popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833.

Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of latitude line 36°30′ N.

Belief that the United States was destined by God to spread its "empire of liberty" across North America. Served as a justification for mid-1800s expansionism.

A person who brought new settlers to colonize Texas in exchange for a grant of land from the Mexican government.

President of the United States from 1845 to 1849. During his presidency, the U.S. expanded significantly with the annexation of the Republic of Texas, the Oregon Territory, and the Mexican Cession following the American victory in the Mexican–American War.

Slogan adopted by mid-1800s expansionists who advocated the forceful acquisition of the Oregon territory, jointly held by Britain and the United States.

Ended the Mexican-American War. Mexico agreed to cede territory to the United States and relinquish all claims to Texas in exchange for cash payment.

The lands west of the Rio Grande ceded to the United States by Mexico in 1848, including

California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Wyoming and Colorado.

Failed Amendment that sought to prohibit slavery from territories acquired from Mexico. It increased tensions between North and South over the issue of slavery.

Inflow of thousands of miners to Northern California after news reports of the discovery of gold in 1848 had spread around the world.

Admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade in Washington, D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. It did little to settle the growing dispute over slavery.

A term meaning “before the war” and used to describe the decades before the American Civil

War began in 1861.

Eli Whitney's invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton, making it more profitable and increasing the importance of slavery in the South.

The rapid increase in American cotton production during the nineteenth century.

The trading of enslaved people within the borders of the United States.

1831 Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty Whites and raised fears among White Southerners of further uprisings.

Religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion. Brought about increased church membership as several new denominations vied for followers.

Religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830s, officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.

Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of nineteenth-century reformers to limit alcohol consumption.

Gathering of feminist activists where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments," stating that "all men and women are created equal."

Founded with the goal of relocating free Black people to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves.

Antislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison, who called for the immediate emancipation of all enslaved people.

After escaping from slavery in Maryland, he became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York, becoming famous for antislavery speeches and written works.

Informal network of volunteers that secretly helped runaway enslaved people escape from the South and reach free states or Canada.

It set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. Opposition to it strengthened the antislavery cause in the North.

Notion that the people of a given territory should themselves decide whether to allow slavery there. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories.

Introduced by Stephen Douglas in an effort to organize new territory and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad. Repealed the 1820 Missouri Compromise by proposing that the issue of slavery in the territories be decided by popular sovereignty.

A secret Franklin Pierce administration proposal to purchase or militarily seize Cuba from Spain. Once leaked to the press, it was quickly abandoned due to vehement opposition from the North.

An antislavery political party formed in 1854 in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It did not endorse abolitionism, but opposed the extension of slavery into new territories and states.

American abolitionist and political activist. Born into slavery, she escaped and subsequently made some thirteen missions to rescue enslaved people through the Underground Railroad.

Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict.

Civil war in Kansas over the issue of slavery in the territory, fought intermittently until 1861, when it merged with the wider national Civil War.

Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. Also declared that African Americans could not be citizens of the United States.

Federal arsenal in Virginia seized by abolitionist John Brown in 1859. Though Brown was captured and executed, the raid alarmed Southerners who believed that Northerners shared in Brown's extremism.

South Carolina location where Confederate forces fired the first shots of the Civil War in April of 1861 after Union forces attempted to resupply the fort.

The four slave states, known as the "Border States," which did NOT secede from the Union during the Civil War.

The right of those arrested to be brought before a judge or court to determine whether there

is a valid cause to hold the prisoner. Suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War.

Paper currency issued by the Union Treasury during the Civil War, inadequately supported by gold.

He served as the president of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865.

First major battle of the Civil War and a victory for the South, it shattered Northern illusions of a quick and easy war.

Declared all enslaved people in rebel states to be free but did not touch slavery in the non-rebelling Border States. It closed the door on possible compromise with the Confederacy and encouraged thousands of the South's enslaved people to flee to the Union Army.

Civil War battle in Pennsylvania that ended in Union victory, spelling doom for the Confederacy, which never again managed to invade the North or regain its former strength.

Northern Democrats who obstructed the war effort by attacking Abraham Lincoln, the draft, and emancipation.

Raised a well-trained and organized Army of the Potomac in the Civil War; he served briefly as Commanding General of the Union Army early in the war. Was the unsuccessful Democratic Party nominee in the 1864 presidential election against the Republican Lincoln.

Top general of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He commanded the Army of Northern Virginia from 1862 until its surrender in 1865.

From 1864-1865, he led Union troops as Commanding General of the United States Army in winning the Civil War.

The twelve-year period after the Civil War in which the rebel Southern states were

integrated back into the Union.

Constitutional amendment prohibiting all forms of slavery. Former Confederate States were required to ratify the amendment prior to gaining reentry into the Union.

Lincoln’s plan to reintegrate the South, which required only a small fraction of voters in the former

Confederate states to take an oath of allegiance to the Union.

Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support.

Became President after Lincoln's assassination, serving from 1865 to 1869. Was frequently in conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, contributing to his impeachment in 1868.

Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated African Americans, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts.

Constitutional amendment that extended civil rights to freedpeople and prohibited states from taking away such rights without due process.

Constitutional amendment that prohibited states from denying citizens the right to vote on account of race.

Divided the South into military districts, disenfranchised former confederates, and required that Southern states both ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and guarantee freedmen the right to vote before gaining readmission to the Union.

An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop. Exploited freedpeople by keeping them poor, in debt, and tied to land owned by Whites.

Southern Democratic politicians who sought to retake control from Republican regimes in the South after Reconstruction.

Derogatory term for pro-Union Southerners whom Southern Democrats accused of plundering the resources of the South in collusion with Republican governments after the Civil War.

Derogatory term used by Southern Whites to describe Northern businessmen and politicians who came to the South after the Civil War to work on Reconstruction projects or invest in Southern infrastructure.

A paramilitary, White supremacist, secret society founded to terrorize freedpeople and sympathetic Whites throughout the South after the Civil War.

He was the first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress when he was appointed to the United States Senate as a Republican representing Mississippi in 1870 and 1871 during Reconstruction.