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Worksheets

Sem. 1 Rev Bio

Total questions: 150

Worksheet time: 13hrs 30mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

When you step out into the cold, your body shivers in order to keep its temperature at 98.6F. Which characteristic of life does this represent?

a)

All living things use energy

b)

All living things contain cells

c)

All living things maintain homeostasis

d)

All living things grow

2.
Rocks are not living because
a)
they never move
b)
they aren't needed for humans
c)
they are not made of cells
d)
they don't break down
3.
The basic unit of structure and function in the human body is the....
a)
organ
b)
organ system
c)
cell
d)
tissue
4.

A baby song bird hatches from its egg with both parent songbirds watching. Which characteristic of life does this represent?

a)

All living things reproduce

b)

All living things maintain homeostasis

c)

All living things use energy

d)

All living things grow

5.

Which characteristic is shown: A plant switches position and follows the sunlight throughout the day.

a)

Grow and develop

b)

Respond to a stimulus

c)

Acquire and use energy

d)

Reproduce

6.

Which of these is not true about all organisms?

a)

all living things are multicellular

b)

all living things obtain and use energy

c)

all living things reproduce

7.

The following list represents characteristics of a living thing :

a)

made of cells, has lungs, can reproduce

b)

made of cells, grows and develops, uses energy

c)

has similar chemicals, makes noises, made of cells

8.

The combination of chemical reactions through

which an organism builds up or breaks down

materials as it carries out its life processes is called ...

a)

absorption

b)

metabolism

c)

digestion

d)

consumption

9.

Over three years, Tim's height has increased from 5'4" to 5'11". Which characteristic of life does this represent?

a)

All living things contain cells

b)

All living things maintain homeostasis

c)

All living things use energy

d)

All living things grow

10.
Which of the following is the correct order of organization in living things from most basic (simple) to most complex?
a)
a.  Organism, cell, tissue, organ, organ system
b)
a.  Organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organism
c)
a.  Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
d)
a.  Cell, organ, tissue, organ, organism, organ system
11.

Any organism that causes disease like a virus or bacteria is called:

a)

Antibiotics

b)

Antibody

c)

Pathogen

d)

Phagocyte

12.

A protein produced by B cells of the immune system that destroys pathogens is called:

a)

Antigens

b)

Antibodies

c)

T-cells

d)

Lymphocytes

13.

What is a preparation of dead or weakened pathogens that is introduced into the body to cause an immune response?

a)

fungi

b)

vaccine

c)

antigens

14.

A 3 month old baby contracts a virus called whooping cough (pertussis) after receiving the first of a sequence of 3 necessary DPT vaccines designed to prevent 3 diseases (diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus). The vaccines are given at 2, 4, and 6 months of age to allow the body to develop specific immunity against these diseases. After the infant recovered from the disease, the doctor informed the parents that from now on the infant would only need the DT (diphtheria, tetanus) part of the vaccine. Why does the infant only need the DT vaccine?

a)

The infant had the first of a series of vaccines which caused the disease

b)

The infant had the pertussis disease and has already produced antibodies against the disease.

c)

The infant had the first of a series of vaccines which protected him from getting the disease.

d)

The infant had the pertussis disease and will get diphtheria in the future.

15.

An immune response that occurs in the human body is shown above. This activity helps to do which of the following?

a)

Produce antibiotics to control disease

b)

Provide protection against a specific pathogen

c)

Provide protection against all types of pathogens

d)

Eliminate harmful gene alterations

16.

All viruses are different, but what are two parts that a virus must have?

a)

Genetic Information (DNA or RNA)

b)

a lipid membrane

c)

a nucleus

d)

a protein coat

17.

What happens after the virus has been taken up by the cell?

a)

it begins making protein

b)

it divides, or replicates

c)

it inserts into the host DNA

d)

it switches to infectious mode

18.

What reason do scientists give for saying that viruses are not living organisms?

a)

they cannot reproduce without the aid of a host

b)

they do not metabolize food into energy

c)

they do not have organized cells

d)

all of the above

e)

none of the above

19.

What happens in the lysogenic cycle?

a)

A virus injects DNA into a host cell

b)

Bacteria injects genetic material into a host cell

c)

Bacteria injects DNA into a host cell

d)

A virus injects its genetic material into a host cell

20.

What does the lytic cycle result in?

a)

destruction of the infected cell and the membrane

b)

multiple new cells

c)

people going in sane

21.

What is the outside, protein coat on a virus called?

a)

genetic material

b)

capsid

c)

envelope

d)

tail fibers

22.

Antibiotics work to cure viruses?

a)

True

b)

False

23.

Viruses require a host cell to

a)

Breathe and eat

b)

Replicate

c)

Move and sleep

d)

Make protein and carbohydrates

24.

The first step for both the lytic and lysogenic cycles

a)

is for the virus to virus drill into the cell

b)

is for the virus to explode the host cell

c)

is for the virus to inject inject its' DNA

d)

is for the virus to attach on to the cell

25.

Which type of cell fights off harmful bacteria?

a)

white blood cell

b)

skin cell

c)

red blood cell

d)

nerve cell

26.
What is shown here?
a)
Lysogenic Cycle
b)
Lytic Cycle
c)
Binary Fission
d)
Conjugation
27.
What process is this?
a)
phagocytosis
b)
lytic cycle
c)
lysogenic cycle
d)
formation of antibodies
28.

Viruses contain genetic material which carries the instructions for the construction of new virus particles. This genetic material is primarily composed of-

a)

phospholipids

b)

polysaccharides

c)

nucleic acids

d)

polypeptides

29.

Enzymes are an example of

a)

Lipids

b)

Carbohydrate

c)

Protein

d)

Nucleic Acid

30.
What is the purpose  of an enzyme?
a)
give permission for the reaction
b)
raise activation energy
c)
speed up reactions
d)
control how many reactions occur
31.
In the diagram, what is letter A? 
a)
product
b)
substrate
c)
enzyme-substrate complex
d)
active site
32.

In the diagram, what is letter D...

a)

active site

b)

enzyme

c)

substrate

d)

products

33.

In the diagram, what is letter B...

a)

active site

b)

enzyme

c)

substrate

d)

products

34.

In the diagram, what is letter C...

a)

active site

b)

enzymes

c)

substrate

d)

products

35.

In the diagram, what is letter E...

a)

active site

b)

enzyme

c)

substrate

d)

products

36.
Based on the graph, what is the optimal temperature for this enzyme? 
a)
15oC
b)
40oC
c)
30oC
d)
35oC
37.
At high temperatures enzyme activity declines because of:
a)
Denaturation
b)
Decreased Kinetic Motion
c)
Increased H-Bonding
d)
Dissociation of Ionic Compounds
38.
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from this graph?
a)
The optimum pH of the enzyme is 6.6.
b)
The optimum pH of the enzyme is 5.8
c)
The enzyme’s activity increases as pH increases 5.0 to 9.0
d)
The enzyme’s activity is greater around pH of 8.0 .
39.
What makes an enzyme substrate specific?
a)
Size
b)
Shape
c)
Name
d)
Location it is found in
40.
The human body maintains a temperature of around 98.6 degrees at all times. Enzymes are involved in almost every chemical reaction in the body. Which of the following describes the connection between these two statements? 
a)
 Enzymes function best at a specific temperature.
b)
The body needs to be warm to prevent hypothermia.
c)
The body is kept relatively warm to prevent too much enzyme action.
d)
 There is no connection between the two statements. 
41.

Why is shape important?

a)

Shape determines temperature

b)

Function determines speed

c)

Shape determines function

d)

Function determines pH level

42.

What is the function of carbohydrates?

a)

provides quick energy

b)

stores energy

c)

helps with growth and repair of tissues

d)

stores genetic information

43.

What is the function of lipids?

a)

provides quick energy

b)

stores energy

c)

helps with growth and repair of tissues

d)

stores genetic information

44.

What is the function of nucleic acid?

a)

provides quick energy

b)

stores energy

c)

helps with growth and repair of tissues

d)

stores genetic information

45.

What is the monomer for carbohydrates?

a)

Monosaccarides

b)

Fatty Acids

c)

Amino Acids

d)

Nucleotides

46.

What is the monomer for Lipids?

a)

Monosaccarides

b)

Fatty Acids

c)

Amino Acids

d)

Nucleotides

47.

What is the monomer for proteins?

a)

Monosaccarides

b)

Fatty Acids

c)

Amino Acids

d)

Nucleotides

48.

What is the monomer for nucleic acid?

a)

Monosaccarides

b)

Fatty Acids

c)

Amino Acids

d)

Nucleotides

49.

Which are examples of lipids?

a)

glucose, pasta, bread

b)

fats, oils, waxes

c)

meats, enzyme, lactase, eggs

d)

DNA, RNA

50.
What do monomers do?
a)
Bond to make a polymer
b)
Create essential proteins
c)
Stores energy
d)
Splits to make more cells
51.

Which biomolecules provide quick energy for the cell and also provide materials to build the cell membrane/wall?

a)

Carbohydrates

b)

Proteins

c)

Lipids

d)

Nucleic Acids

52.

What type of biomolecule contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen?

a)

carbohydrate

b)

lipid

c)

nucleic acid

d)

protein

53.
Which biomolecule is this a picture of?
a)
Protein
b)
Nucleic Acid
c)
Lipid
d)
Carbohydrate
54.
Which biomolecule is this a picture of?
a)
Protein
b)
Nucleic Acid
c)
Lipid
d)
Carbohydrate
55.
Which biomolecule is this a picture of? (Hint: it is made of amino acids)
a)
Proteins
b)
Nucleic Acids
c)
Lipids
d)
Carbohydrates
56.
The monomer (building block) of a nucleic acid is
a)
Monosaccharide
b)
Amino Acid
c)
Nucleotide
d)
Polysaccharide
57.
Monomers combine to form ________ through the process of ________.
a)
polymers; hydrolysis
b)
polymers; dehydration synthesis
c)
monomers; hydrolysis
d)
monomers; dehydration synthesis
58.

Polymer's split apart to form ________, by __________.

a)

monomers, hydrolysis

b)

monomers, dehydration synthesis

c)

amino acids, hydrolysis

d)

amino acids, dehydration synthesis

59.
Which 2 molecules contains the elements C-H-O and function pertains to energy?
a)
Lipids and Protein
b)
Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids
c)
Protein and Carbohydrates
d)
Carbohydrates and Lipids
60.

Prokaryotic cells do not have…….

a)

membrane bound organelles

b)

cell membrane

c)

DNA or RNA

d)

life

61.

Which do BOTH prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain?

a)

nucleus

b)

mitochondria

c)

ribosomes

d)

cell wall

62.

Which type of cell is this?

a)

Prokaryote

b)

Eukaryote

63.
Which is true of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a)
Prokaryotic cells are larger than eukaryotic cells.
b)
Eukaryotic cells do not have nuclei, and prokaryotic cells do have nuclei.
c)
Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles, and eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles.
d)
Eukaryotic cells are simpler than prokaryotic cells.
64.

Which of the following is a characteristic of both Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?

a)

ribosomes

b)

nucleus

c)

membrane bound organelles

d)

simple

65.
Which type of cell contains chloroplasts?
a)
Animal cell
b)
Bacteria cell
c)
The shy ones
d)
Plant cell
66.

Which type of organism obtains energy from the foods it consumes and also called a consumer?

a)

Autotroph

b)

Heterotroph

c)

Archaea

d)

Prokaryote

67.

An organism that makes its own food like plants and algae through photosynthesis; also known as producers:

a)

Autotroph

b)

Heterotroph

c)

Prokaryote

d)

Archaea

68.

This type of eukaryotic organism cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungi and algae is an example of this living thing:

a)

Protist

b)

Heterotroph

c)

Archaea

d)

Bacteria

69.

This type of bacteria lives in extreme environments:

a)

Autotroph

b)

Archaea

c)

Fungi

d)

Protist

70.

Organisms that do not move, reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down dead things:

a)

Plant

b)

Animal

c)

Fungi

d)

Bacteria

e)

Protist

71.

AMOEBA-PARAMECIUM-EUGLENA-DINOFLAGELLATES BELONG TO WHAT KINGDOM

a)

PLANT

b)

PROTIST

c)

FUNGI

d)

ANIMAL

e)

ARCHAEBACTERIA

72.

HAS A CELL WALL

a)

FUNGI-ANIMALS

b)

SOME BACTERIA-FUNGI

c)

SOME BACTERIA-FUNGI-PLANTS

d)

SOME PROTIST-ANIMALS

73.
What are the three domains?
a)
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eubacteria
b)
Archaea, Protists, and Eubacteria
c)
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
d)
Archaea, Fungi, Animalia
74.
Which two kingdoms are entirely multicellular?
a)
Animalia and Plantae
b)
Animalia and Protista
c)
Protista and Plantae
75.
Identify the kingdom...
Microscopic unicellular organism found in a mud puddle.  Organism's DNA is contained in a nucleus and it moves by beating tiny hairs in the water.
a)
Archaebacteria
b)
Eubacteria
c)
Protista
d)
Fungi
76.

It is a long chain of sugar, that make the cell wall elastic

a)

Glucose

b)

Pectin

c)

Lignin

d)

Cellulose

77.

Cell membranes are

a)

Selectively permeable

b)

A single layer

c)

Rigid and sturdy

d)

Full of large holes

78.

All cells have a cell membrane

a)

TRUE

b)

FALSE

79.

Selectively permeable means

a)

To let some things pass through but not others

b)

To allow nothing to pass through

c)

To allow all things to pass through

80.

the building unit that enters in the structure of cell wall is ...............

a)

carbohydrates

b)

proteins

c)

lipids

d)

glycerol

81.

Which of the following are structural polysaccharides?

a)

cellulose

b)

glycogen

c)

chitin

d)

starch

82.

Which of the following are strorage polysaccharides?

a)

cellulose

b)

glycogen

c)

chitin

d)

starch

83.

Which of the following is a monosaccharide?

a)

glucose

b)

maltose

c)

lactose

d)

sucrose

84.

Which of the following is the structural polysaccharide found in the cell wall of prokaryotes?

a)

chitin

b)

cellulose

c)

peptidoglycan

d)

glycogen

85.

If two glucose (C6H12O6) molecules undergo a dehydration reaction, which of the following represents the chemical formulas for the product(s)?

a)

2 C6H12O6

b)

C12H24O12

c)

C12H22O11 + H2O

d)

C12H24O12 + H2O

86.

What do you call the eukaryotic cells that have a cell wall, chloroplasts and a central vacuole.

a)

Animal Cells

b)

Bacterial Cells

c)

Plant Cells

d)

Viral Cells

87.

What is the largest organelle in the plant cell? It is surrounded by a membrane and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain cell structure and support.

a)

Chloroplasts

b)

Mitochondria

c)

Cell Wall

d)

Central Vacuole

88.

What is the genetic material, or DNA, in the nucleus?

a)

Chromatin

b)

RNA

c)

Nucleus

d)

Nucleolus

89.

Where are ribosomes made in the cell?

a)

Nuclear Envelope

b)

Golgii Bodies

c)

Nucleolus

d)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

90.

Which organelle is known as the "powerhouse" of the cell because it converts energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions?

a)

Mitochondria

b)

Chloroplasts

c)

Lysosomes

d)

Vacuoles

91.

What is the name of the small, round organelles that contain chemicals that break down certain materials in the cell and aid in removal of wastes from the cell?

a)

Lysosomes

b)

Vacuoles

c)

Ribosomes

d)

Golgi Bodies

92.

Which organelles are the storage organelles of the cells, generally they store and package food?

a)

Golgi Bodies

b)

RIbosomes

c)

Vacuoles

d)

Mitochondria

93.

What do you call the organelles found only in plant cells that capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell?

a)

Mitochondria

b)

Central Vacuole

c)

Chloroplasts

d)

Golgi Bodies

94.

Which organelle receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the E.R., package them, and transport them to other parts of the cell?

a)

Golgi Bodies

b)

Vacuoles

c)

Chloroplasts

d)

Ribosomes

95.

What are the small organelles that function as factories that make proteins? They can be attached to the E.R. or they may float in the cytoplasm.

a)

Golgi Bodies

b)

Ribosomes

c)

Mitochondria

d)

Cetrioles

96.

What are the three things that all cell types have in common?

a)

Nucleus

b)

Genetic Material

c)

Cell Wall

d)

Cell Membrane

e)

Cytoplasm

97.

What are the three things that all cell types have in common?

a)

Nucleus

b)

Genetic Material

c)

Cell Wall

d)

Cell Membrane

e)

Cytoplasm

98.

Which best describes the function of the cell membrane?

a)

protects and supports the cell and also controls everything that enters and leaves the cell

b)

provides structural support for cells to keep them from shrinking and expanding too much

c)

is the control center of the cell

d)

is the site of protein synthesis in cells

99.

The foundation of the cell membrane is made of primarily which molecule?

a)

phospholipid

b)

cellulose

c)

cholesterol

d)

protein

e)

water

100.

What is the function of proteins embedded in the cell membrane? Select all that apply.

a)

to act as receptors, helping to identify the cell

b)

to help to transport material into and out of the cell

c)

t0 provide the foundation of the cell membrane

d)

to produce sugars needed for cellular respiration

101.

The phospholipids that make up plasma membranes are arranged in a ____________ structure.

a)

bi-layer

b)

cubic

c)

single-layer

d)

triple-layer

102.
Which of the following is responsible for getting large or charged (polar) molecules across the cell membrane?
a)
E
b)
B
c)
C
d)
D
103.

In a lipid bilayer, ___________ fatty acid tails face each other within the bilayer and form a region that excludes water.

a)

A. Hypotonic

b)

B. Hypertonic

c)

C. Hydrophilic

d)

D. Hydrophobic

104.
What is the diffusion of water?
a)
osmosis
b)
active transport
c)
diffusion
d)
facilitated diffusion
105.
What are the three types of passive transport?
a)
osmosis, diffusion, active transport
b)
active transport, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
c)
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
d)
facilitated diffusion, active transport, diffusion
106.
Which type of movement requires energy?
a)
osmosis
b)
active transport
c)
diffusion
d)
facilitated diffusion
107.
Which type of movement goes from low to high concentration?
a)
active transport
b)
diffusion
c)
osmosis, 
d)
facilitated diffusion
108.

What type of solution is a cell in when it gets bigger than normal while in tap water?

a)

hypertonic

b)

isotonic

c)

hypotonic

109.

What type of solution is a cell in when it shrinks while in salt water?

a)

hypertonic

b)

isotonic

c)

hypotonic

110.
What type of solution is a cell in when it stays the same size?
a)
hypertonic
b)
isotonic
c)
hypotonic
111.
What is the movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration and does not require energy?
a)
osmosis
b)
diffusion
c)
facilitated diffusion
d)
active transport
112.
The picture is an example of...
a)
active transport
b)
passive transport
c)
diffusion
d)
osmosis
113.
What type of solution is this cell in?
a)
Isotonic
b)
Hypertonic
c)
Hypotonic
d)
diffused
114.
What type of solution is this cell in?
a)
Isotonic
b)
Hypertonic
c)
Hypotonic
d)
diffused
115.
What type of solution is this cell in?
a)
Isotonic
b)
Hypertonic
c)
Hypotonic
d)
diffused
116.
This picture represents which type of cellular transport?
a)
passive transport
b)
endocytosis
c)
exocytosis
d)
osmosis
117.
This picture represents what type of cell transport?
a)
endocytosis
b)
exocytosis
c)
osmosis
d)
passive transport
118.

Which type of transport requires energy?

a)

Endocytosis

b)

Exocytosis

c)

Active Transport

d)

Diffusion

119.

What molecule is pictured?

a)

Integral Protein

b)

Carbohydrate chain

c)

Phospholipid

120.
Which is true about active transport?
a)
It requires energy
b)
it does not require energy
c)
It moves substances down the concentration gradient
d)
it moves material from high to low concentration
121.
Which statement about photosynthesis is correct?
a)
Plants get the energy they need for photosynthesis from water.
b)
Plants get the energy they need for photosynthesis from soil.
c)
Plants get the energy they need for photosynthesis from sunlight.
d)
Plants get the energy they need for photosynthesis from carbon dioxide.
122.
In which  organelle does photosynthesis occur?
a)
mitochondria
b)
stomata
c)
xylem
d)
chloroplast
123.
What are the products of photosynthesis?
a)
Glucose and Chlorophyll
b)
Glucose and Oxygen
c)
Water and Light energy
d)
Carbon Dioxide and Light energy
124.
Please select who performs cellular respiration: 
a)
Animals 
b)
Both animals and plants 
c)
plants 
125.
Cellular respiration is...
a)
the process by which cells break down glucose into energy. 
b)
the process by which cells break light down into energy. 
c)
the process by which cells communicate with other cells. 
126.
Cellular respiration occurs in 
a)
chloroplasts 
b)
mitochondria
c)
golgi aparatus 
d)
thylakoid 
127.
What is the name of the 1st step of cellular respiration?
a)
Glycolysis
b)
Kreb's Cycle
c)
ETC
d)
Anaerobic respiration
128.
Where does glycolysis take place?
a)
Cytoplasm
b)
Stroma
c)
Thylakoid
d)
Mitochondria
129.
Which is not a waste product of cellular respiration?
a)
Water
b)
Heat
c)
Carbon Dioxide
d)
Oxygen
130.
What is the correct equation for cellular respiration?
a)
6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
b)
6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energy -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
c)
6CO2 + 6H2O -> 6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energy
d)
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy -> 6O2 + C6H12O6
131.
The energy in ATP is stored 
a)
in the bond between the second and third phosphate
b)
in the bond between the first and second phosphate
c)
in the bond between the adenosine and the first phosphate
d)
I like turtles
132.

A decrease in the amount of oxygen available will....

a)

not have an effect on the amount of energy produced during cellular respiration

b)

decrease the amount of glucose produced during cellular respiration

c)

cause the amount of water produced during cellular respiration to increase

d)

decrease the amount of energy produced during cellular respiration

133.

What are the products for cellular respiration?

a)

oxygen

b)

carbon dioxide

c)

water

d)

ATP energy

e)

glucose

134.
Which bond of the ATP molecule is broken in order to release energy?
a)
A
b)
B
c)
C
d)
D
135.
What are the products of photosynthesis?
a)
water and carbon dioxide
b)
oxygen and glucose
c)
oxygen and carbon dioxide
d)
oxygen and water
136.

What is the waste-product of light-dependent reaction?

a)

oxygen

b)

water

c)

carbon dioxide

d)

NADPH

137.

Which of the following is not produced in the light reaction?

a)

oxygen

b)

ATP

c)

sugar

138.

Based on the diagram, when a curve has a peak, much of the light at the wavelength is

a)

reflected

b)

absorbed

c)

lost

139.

Which of the following is not a product of photosynthesis?

a)

carbon dioxide

b)

oxygen

c)

sugar

140.

In green plants, the primary function of the Calvin cycle is to

a)

Use ATP to release carbon

b)

Split water to release oxygen.

c)

Construct sugar from carbon dioxide.

d)

Use NADPH to release carbon

141.
The two main stages of photosynthesis are the
a)
light reactions and respiration
b)
dark reactions and the Calvin cycle 
c)
light reactions and the Calvin cycle
d)
dark reactions and fermentation
142.

Which of the following formulas represents photosynthesis?

a)

6 H2O + 6 O2 --> C6H12O6 + 6 CO2

b)

6 H2O + 6 CO2 --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

c)

C6H12O6 + + 6 O2 -->6 H2O + 6 CO2

d)

H2O + CH4 ---> CO2+ CH8

143.

Select the correct term for the following definition:

"The water transport system in plants."

a)

Villi

b)

Bronchi

c)

Bolus

d)

Xylem

144.

Select the correct term for the following definition:

"The sugar transport system in plants."

a)

Enzyme

b)

Guard cells

c)

Phloem

d)

Proteins

145.
How does the stomata work?
a)
It helps transport sugars to the root cells.
b)
It helps to transport nutrients to the roots.
c)
It helps to exchange gases and water.
d)
It helps to conduct fermentation in the leaf.
146.

What happens to the guard cells when water is not available within a plant?

a)

The guard cells close.

b)

The guard cells open.

c)

The guard cells become double.

d)

The guard cells increase.

147.

Guard cells are specialized cells in the surface of the leaf of a green plant.


The main function of these cells is to

a)

change the size of the stomate to regulate water loss

b)

close the stomate to keep dust and dirt out of the leaf

c)

close the stomate to keep dust and dirt out of the leaf

d)

close the stomate to keep dust and dirt out of the leaf

148.
ATTTGAGCC - Original
ATTGAGCC   - Mutated
The example above is an example of a 
a)
Insertion- Frameshift
b)
Deletion- Substitution
c)
Deletion -Frameshift
d)
All of the above
149.
Why are insertion and deletion mutations so harmful?
a)
They change all of the codons from the mutation on down the line, which changes the amino acid sequence
b)
They insert things that an organism doesn't need.
c)
They often delete things that organisms need.
d)
Insertion and deletions are not any more harmful than substitution mutations.
150.
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
a)
sugar, hydrogen, nitrogen base
b)
sugar, oxygen, nitrogen base
c)
sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
d)
sugar, phosphate, protein

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