his geocentric view of the universe was later disputed during the Scientific Revolution

his Revolution on the Heavenly Spheres supported a heliocentric model of the universe

this woman translated Newton’s Principia into French

he developed a scientific method that relied more on deduction

he believed in heliocentrism and that planets had elliptical orbits

a supporter of Ptolemy who collected very detailed observations that would be used

author of several works, this woman helped to introduce women to the new science

he perfected the use of the telescope to argue for/support Copernican interpretation of the heavens

argued for an empirical, inductive approach to reason

sale of church offices

Church official holding more than one office

the belief that the wine and bread consumed during communion are the actual body and blood of Christ

belief that God is all-knowing and therefore already knows who is and is not saved

nation’s policy of accumulating as much precious metal as possible while preventing its outward flow to other countries

favoring family members

a monarch who favors practical solutions

state control over a country’s economy in order to achieve a favorable balance of trade over other countries

when a church official does not participate or carry out their duties

paying a fee to the Church so that a person or relative may escape purgatory and go to heaven

started the first maritime school of Sagres

first European to reach India by sea

monarchs who financed Columbus’ voyage

Italian sailor who determined the Americas were not part of Asia but in fact a “New World”

discovered and caused the downfall of the Aztec civilizations

first European explorer to round the tip of Africa

Italian sailor who accidentally found the Americas

first European to cross the Pacific Ocean

led the expedition that conquered the Incans

collective name for Spanish and Portugese explorers who sailed for gold, God, and glory

wrote Spirit of Laws  which applied the principles of observation, experimentation, and analysis to government

wrote The Prince explaining what the ideal leader had to be like in order to stay in power

wrote The Book of the Courtier as an etiquette guide for young men of the period

wrote In Praise of Folly in order to criticize the dishonest practices of some members of the Catholic clergy

wrote 95 Theses to list abuses of the Catholic Church including the sale of indulgences

author of Leviathan claiming that a strong central authoritarian government is necessary to combat the evil nature of man

wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man expounding on the potential of individual human achievement

author of Essay Concerning Human Understanding which argues that the human mind is a blank slate at birth upon which experiences imprints knowledge

wrote The Social Contract imagining a social reform in which the individual surrenders his or her natural rights to the general will

served as editor of the 38 volume Encyclopedie

France helped the United States win independence from Britain in this war

failed revolution by the nobility of France

peasant revolt in France in 1789

this war was fought in four phases and was the most important war of the 17th century

triggered the Bohemian phase of a war

final act in political sovereignty in England

influenced by the Enlightenment, this war that caused political and social upheaval in France

Civil wars between the Valois, Guise, and Huguenot factions of France

failed revolution in Russia during the reign of Peter the Great

war fought between the Roundheads and the Cavaliers

gave the Huguenots the right to practice their religion in their own certain towns

an appeal for American Independence based on Enlightenment principles

pledge of the Third Estate to remain assembled until a constitution had been written

document that ended the Thirty Years War

council summoned by Charles V which condemned Luther’s beliefs, and forbade Luther from preaching and declared him a heretic

legal document that attempted to give the citizens of France more liberty, imitating the American Declaration of Independence

this document required all the king’s subjects to take an oath of loyalty to the king as head of the Church of England

required that the French take an oath of allegiance to the state over the church

Immanuel Kant’s claim that man is awakening from a self-imposed immaturity

agreement stated that religion of the ruler is the religion of the state

this English ruler was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn

drowning in debt, this French ruler called a meeting of the Estates-General

This Puritan leader ruled England from 1649 to 1660 in a time often referred to as the Interregnum

this English ruler was named “Defender of the Faith” by the Pope

this Spanish ruler also became the Holy Roman Emperor

this French ruler built the French palace of Versailles

this Spanish ruler was famous for his practice of militant Catholicism

this English ruler was married to Philip II and had almost 300 Protestants burned at the stake

this English ruler was a rumored homosexual and commissioned a bible 

this English ruler restored the the monarchy after the interregnum