His work On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres published in 1543 challenged the old Ptolemaic model of the universe by advancing the heliocentric model of the universe. He presented the orbits of the planets as perfectly circular.

Sponsored by the HRE Rudolph II, he ran the most sophisticated observatory of his day from which he was able to compile tables of data about the movements of the planets. He was a teacher of Johannes Kepler.

A student of Tycho Brahe, he used mathematics to established 3 laws of motion relating to the orbits of the planets around the sun.

A supporter of the Copernican model of the universe, he used his advancements on the telescope to discover new things about the universe. The publishing of his most well-known work, Dialogue Concerning Two Chief World Systems (1632) prompted him to be called before the Inquisition and put on trial. Officially, he recanted the thesis that he put forward in his work.

This English scientist developed the law of universal gravitation (mutual attraction is proportional to mass) and 3 laws of motion that served to help explain the movements of the planets and objects on Earth. He blended inductive and deductive reasoning techniques. He argued for a universe governed by natural laws. Many of his theories were proposed in his work Principia Naturalis, published in 1687.

He was a major proponent of empiricism - using inductive reasoning based on observation to understand the world. He is often considered to have developed the Scientific Method.

He was a proponent of deductive reasoning - thought that truth can be discovered through human reasoning. He encouraged people to doubt everything, even existence, and use reasoning to discover and understand. His most famous saying is "Je pense, donc je suis" (I think therefore I am).

This English noblewoman was one of the few women involved in science at the time. She published books on natural philosophy and debated with Hobbes and Descartes.

Though excluded from the Berlin academy, she discovered a comet.

She translated Newton's Principia Naturalis into French, showing her skills in both science and language.

A new form of spirituality that evolved during the Enlightenment, this was the belief that God created the world and set everything into motion but is not actively involved in the world - allows the world to run without interference.

He attempted to reconcile faith and science. Proposed a wager to skeptics saying that erroneous belief in God is a safer bet than unbelief. He opposed both dogmatism (unbending rules about religion) and skepticism (questioning belief).

A supporter of Absolute Monarchy, this early Enlightenment thinker had an overall negative view of humanity and thought that human beings were too selfish to effectively govern themselves in any kind of democratic system. He wrote Leviathan (published in 1655).

The author of Two Treatises of Civil Government (first published in 1689), this Enlightenment thinker believed that people have 3 natural rights: the right to life, liberty and property. He was a proponent of the social contract and believed that the main purpose of the government was to protect the natural rights of the people. If the government failed to do this, the people had the right to change their government.

Another word for Enlightenment philosophers was ___.

He attempted to log all knowledge in the world and published the Encyclopédie.

He was a huge proponent of freedom of religion and freedom of speech. He did not like the violence and persecution that he believed came with organized religious institutions.

He emphasized the need for a separation of powers to prevent despotism (unbridled and oppressive exercise of power). In his Spirit of the Law (published in 1748), he suggested a separation into 3 branches: legislative to make the laws, judicial to interpret the laws and executive to enforce the laws.

This philosophe developed the idea for 'consent of the governed' (a government's legitimacy and the moral right to use state power is only justified when it is consented to by those governed). He believed that the laws of a state/country would be formed by the general will (the desires and wants of the people who made them). He published Contrat Social in 1762.

This group of economists believe that the primary goal of government is to protect property and allow owners to use it freely. They were proponents of free trade and opposed mercantilist policies because they believed that it hampered development. Some examples are Francois Quesnay, Turgot and Pierre DuPont de Nemours.

A Sottish economist, he supported abolishing trading limits, trade regulaions and tariffs. He was a proponent of the free market (laissez faire). His book, The Wealth of Nations (published in 1776), influenced many future economists and earned him the reputation as a founder of Capitalism.

Wrote a Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792). Defended equality of women with men based on human reason. Argued if women had access to the same educational opportunities as men, they would be equally as intelligent.

Scottish Enlightenment thinker who opposed the primacy of rationality and reason to determine one's personal ethics and morality arguing that they were driven by the passions. Thought that truth must be found through observation (empiricism). Wrote Inquiry into Human Nature (1748).

Enlightenment thinker who advocated for humane treatment of prisoners and was against the death penalty. Wrote On Crimes and Punishments (1764).

This is the name of the artistic movement that developed during the Enlightenment that was characterized by simplicity, duller tones and a focus on regular people.