identity gives you your sense of self -> a set of traits that defines you & distinguishes you from other people. identity plays an important role in how to treat others & how to carry yourself in the world. With certain identity, one can gain self-confidence and build up his/her mental strength. 身份赋予你自我认知 -> 一组定义你并将你与他人区分开的特征。身份在如何对待他人以及如何在这个世界上展现自己中扮演着重要角色。拥有某种身份，能够帮助一个人获得自信并增强心理力量。

The best way to destroy a nation is not to defeat its army but to crash its mental strength. Therefore, to completely conquer & annex a nation, we can __________摧毁一个国家的最好办法不是击败它的军队，而是摧毁它的精神力量。因此，要彻底征服并吞并一个国家，我们可以__________

The transformation of suffering into wealth comes with a condition: that you overcome suffering and no longer endure it. Only then can suffering become a source of pride and wealth in your life. 将苦难转化为财富有一个前提：你必须战胜苦难，不再忍受它。只有这样，苦难才能成为你生命中的骄傲与财富的来源。

The history of overseas Chinese establishing nations in Southeast Asia can be traced back to ancient times. However, in terms of statecraft and ruling, Chinese are not able to match other people like Anglo-Saxon. The fell of a series of Chinese states across the Southeast Asia have proved this point. 华人建立东南亚国家的历史可以追溯到古代。然而，在治国理政方面，华人无法与其他民族如盎格鲁-撒克逊人相比。东南亚一系列华人国家的灭亡证明了这一点。

The world beyond one's own territory is filled with various possibilities, one of which is vassal states or colonies surpassing their suzerain nations. For example, the relationship between the United States and Britain, Brazil and Portugal, and Argentina and Mexico with Spain. 海外世界充满了各种可能性，其中之一就是附属国或殖民地超越其宗主国。例如，美国与英国、巴西与葡萄牙、阿根廷与墨西哥与西班牙之间的关系

In the 18th and 19^th century, Europe was undergoing a period of intense transformation, while China started to fall behind the times, and the Opium War isn’t considered an important historical event then.  在18世纪和19世纪，欧洲正经历着剧烈的变革，而中国则开始落后于时代，鸦片战争在当时并未被视为一个重要的历史事件。

Imperial power was only concerned about two things: 1) There should be no forces challenging imperial power, and no possibility should be allowed.2) Imperial power should not be diluted, it should be monopolized by their own bloodline.。 帝国权力只关心两件事：1）不得有任何力量挑战帝国权力，绝不允许任何可能性存在；2）帝国权力不应被稀释，必须由他们自己的血脉垄断。

The Qing Dynasty practiced minority rule over the majority Han population. They kept a close eye on the Han people everywhere. 清朝实行对多数汉族人口的少数民族统治，他们时刻监视着汉人。

which one below is the reason that why Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty governments didn't support overseas Chinese to establish kingdoms abroad? 以下哪一项是明清政府不支持海外华人建立海外王国的原因？

Which ancient regions was not relatively prosperous? 哪个古代地区相对不繁荣？

What were the most profitable and popular commodities in world trade before the Industrial Revolution? Who was the major producer/supplier ? 在工业革命之前，世界贸易中最有利可图和最受欢迎的商品是什么？谁是主要的生产者/供应商？

which is the reason that contributes to the self-sufficiency & independence of China ? 哪个原因促成了中国的自给自足与独立？

China is capable to achieve self-sufficiency in both agriculture and industrial sectors due to its diverse natural conditions and the large population with high-quality human resources. This provides a solid foundation for China to occupy an important position in the global industrial chain and makes it an indispensable global economic powerhouse. 由于中国拥有多样的自然条件和人口众多且高质量的人力资源，中国能够在农业和工业领域实现自给自足。这为中国在全球产业链中占据重要位置提供了坚实基础，使其成为全球不可或缺的经济强国。

China is the only country in the world that has both extensive land and sea territories, with vast territorial areas, diverse and complex climates, geographies, and abundant flora and fauna resources, as well as abundant and high-quality human resources, making them "continental"-level superpower countries. 中国是世界上唯一拥有广阔陆地和海域的国家，拥有辽阔的领土面积、多样且复杂的气候和地理环境，丰富的动植物资源，以及充足且高质量的人力资源，使其成为“大陆”级别的超级大国。

After the Ming Dynasty implemented the maritime ban, China's control over the surrounding sea areas rapidly declined. The southeastern coast of China became the world of pirates. At that time, the coastal raiders known as "Wokou" were not only Japanese pirates (Ronin), but many of them were indeed Japanese and notorious for their cruelty. 明朝实施海禁后，中国对周边海域的控制迅速下降。中国东南沿海成为了海盗的天下。当时，被称为“倭寇”的海盗不仅仅是日本海盗（浪人），其中许多确实是日本人，以其残忍而臭名昭著

who was not once the pirate king in the history of East & South East Asia ?

Why Guangzhou was the open port city in both Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty ?

Chinese governments throughout history value navy and always invest a lot of money to establish mighty navy to protect the interests of both mainland Chinese and overseas Chinese. 历代中国政府重视海军，始终投入大量资金建立强大的海军，以保护本土中国人和海外华人的利益。

 trades were not allowed to set foot in the Chinese empire except for a handful of cities designated for trade purpose. Also, all trade had to go through a trade monopoly known as the _____ who could tax & regulate foreign trade as they saw fit. 除了一些指定用于贸易的城市外，商人不得踏足中国帝国。此外，所有贸易必须通过一个贸易垄断机构 _____，该机构可以根据自己的意愿征税和监管对外贸易。

More than that, Britain was running an enormous trade _______ with Chinese. Millions of pounds of silver were flowing out of the British Empire and into China. On top of that, European struggles as they had been cut off from the silver mines of South America, and costly foreign wars had left the treasury dry. 更重要的是，英国与中国进行着巨大的贸易 _______。数百万英镑的白银正从大英帝国流向中国。除此之外，欧洲因被切断了南美的银矿资源，且代价高昂的对外战争使得国库空虚，陷入困境。

need to find something that Chinese wanted to import to offset the massive costs of the Victorian need for tea and the answer they found was _______.

After the first Opium War, terms were hammered out. The Chinese would pay 6,000,000 in reparations. The British would pay 6,000,000 to buy the island of _______. Ambassadors would be exchanged, the Chinese agreed to not call the British tribute bearing barbarians. Trade would resume in a much more free and open manner. 第一次鸦片战争结束后，双方敲定了条款。中国将支付600万赔偿金。英国将支付600万购买 _______ 岛。双方将交换大使，中国同意不再称英国为进贡的野蛮人。贸易将以更加自由和开放的方式恢复。

The British wouldn’t have to seize the capital at Beijing because ________ stood at the entrance to the Yangtze, the river which was the heart of China. It was the super highway down which all trade to the capital flowed. 英国不需要占领北京就能让清政府屈服，因为 ________ 位于长江的入口处，而长江是中国的心脏。它是所有通往首都的贸易流通的大动脉。

The_____ Wars are used as the milestone, a measuring marker for how far the country has come in the last hundred and fifty years, and as propaganda to remind everybody of that fact. While these wars have perhaps the lowest casualty count of any of the conflicts that had occurred, they had a profound impact on global politics & global understanding all the way to today. ______ 战争被作为一个里程碑，一个衡量国家在过去一百五十年里走多远的标尺，同时也是用来作为宣传，提醒大家这一事实。虽然这些战争的伤亡人数可能是所有发生过的冲突中最低的，但它们对全球政治和全球理解产生了深远的影响，直到今天。

Malthusian Trap principle which states that there is a relationship between ______ growth and the availability of resources.

People from Guangdong and Fujian also went abroad, developing in ______, and even establishing nations in various places. This was known as the "Southern Journey." 来自广东和福建的人们也走出国门，在 ______ 地区发展，甚至在多个地方建立了国家。这被称为“南行”。

If the Chinese people embraced this adventurous spirit and if the government encouraged and supported the population to acquire land overseas, perhaps the Malthusian trap in Qing Dynasty China wouldn't have been so severe. 如果中国人民能够拥抱这种冒险精神，并且如果政府鼓励和支持民众获取海外土地，也许清朝的马尔萨斯陷阱就不会那么严重。

The early leadership and main forces of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom were predominantly ____ people from Guangxi and Guangdong. 太平天国的早期领导层和主要力量主要是来自广西和广东的 ____ 人。

If it weren't for the discovery of the ______ and the introduction of highly productive crops, Europe at that time would have also fallen into the Malthusian Trap. 如果没有 ______ 的发现和高产作物的引入，当时的欧洲也会陷入马尔萨斯陷阱。

These crops from the Americas had low environmental requirements and yielded high productivity. In fact, it was only after Europe began cultivating _____ and corn that the issue of hunger for the people was truly addressed.

These surplus populations could not live well in Europe and could only migrate outward with the fleets to the overseas colonies of various countries. Not only could they be superior to the natives, but they could also use national hegemony to occupy vast living space. They also brought European languages, culture, and religion to all corners of the world. In other words, the Age of Discovery alleviated Europe's Malthusian Trap. 这些剩余人口在欧洲无法过上好日子，只能随着舰队迁移到各国的海外殖民地。不仅能够优于当地土著，还可以利用国家霸权占据广阔的生存空间。他们还将欧洲的语言、文化和宗教带到了世界的各个角落。换句话说，发现时代缓解了欧洲的马尔萨斯陷阱。

The main cause of peasant uprisings in China was the Malthusian Trap of population-_____ conflicts, rather than corruption in government officials. 中国农民起义的主要原因是人口与 _____ 矛盾的马尔萨斯陷阱，而非官员腐败。

Industrialization in modern society is inefficient if relying solely on the _____ market. It must rely on overseas markets. However, the current overseas market is also limited.

once the market and raw materials become _____, the consequence of extensive production and consumption under free competition is inevitably falling into the Malthusian trap.

In ancient societies, the primary focus of survival needs was on food, clothing, shelter, and transportation, with ______ being the most important industry. ______ provided people with the necessary living essentials and served as the foundation for employment throughout society. 在古代社会，生存需求的主要关注点是食物、衣物、住所和交通，其中 ______ 是最重要的行业。______ 为人们提供了必要的生活必需品，并作为全社会就业的基础。

In modern society, ______ has become the dominant economic force， and it has replaced agriculture as the foundation of employment throughout society.

Today's world has achieved globalisation, forming a unified global market. However, this market is not actually large and its growth is "_____," which is not easy to expand.

 the domestic market is unlikely to grow rapidly in the short term. Lowering prices will only trigger price wars among domestic businesses, reducing profits from production to retail, leading to reduced wages for everyone. Reduced wages will further reduce consumer demand, causing the domestic market to shrink, deepening the vicious cycle of price war

"international markets" as a limited resource means that if country A occupies more market share, country B's share will decrease. Countries with less market share cannot sell their industrial products, leading to weak domestic demand and ultimately to responding by lowering prices.

In the face of the real world, where the demand for international market growth cannot keep up with the pressure of the manufacturing industry's supply capacity index growth, developed countries in Europe and USA mainly use what strategies to maintain their status:

Why is Europe and the US not worried about inflation? Why are they not worried about their currency becoming Zimbabwean dollars? Because the US dollar and the Euro are international currencies, these currencies will flow to foreign countries and will not pile up domestically, so the probability of inflation is relatively low.

Facing a severe situation, China had a sudden inspiration when developing the China-Europe Railway Express (a railway transportation line from ______, China to Hamburg, Germany) in 2013 and came up with the "Belt and Road Initiative." 面对严峻局势，中国在2013年开发中欧班列（从 ______ 中国到德国汉堡的铁路运输线路）时，突然灵感涌现，提出了“一带一路”倡议。

Central Asia, West Asia, Eastern Europe, and other countries along the route have huge _____ needs, and large-scale infrastructure projects happen to be the best targets for China's industrial capacity output. These countries are emerging markets for China outside the international market with immeasurable potential!

The "Belt and Road Initiative" is of great significance to China's national development. By promoting interconnectivity and infrastructure construction among countries along the route, the initiative has facilitated trade facilitation and economic integration in the region, providing more opportunities for Chinese companies to expand overseas markets. This not only helps enhance the international competitiveness of Chinese enterprises but also promotes Chinese products and services to the world." “一带一路”倡议对中国的国家发展具有重要意义。通过促进沿线国家之间的互联互通和基础设施建设，该倡议促进了区域内的贸易便利化和经济一体化，为中国企业拓展海外市场提供了更多机会。这不仅有助于提升中国企业的国际竞争力，还促进了中国产品和服务走向世界。

The "_____ Initiative" and related cooperation mechanisms have opened up new paths for China's development and provided opportunities for common development for countries around the world.

the production capacity of industry has achieved exponential growth, while market demand maintains linear growth, making competing for international _____ an inevitable choice for all industrialized countries.

A huge industrial system must rely on exporting its production capacity to maintain operations because the production capacity of any industrialized country can far exceed its own demands. Without _____, it will result in product backlog or shutdowns, causing overproduction, price declines, reduced profits, and the more it produces, the more it loses.

____has the world's most comprehensive industrial supply chain and a complete industrial system. It produces over 220 types of industrial products, ranking first globally in terms of output. It is one of the countries with the most diverse industries and plays a significant role in the global industrial and supply chains. ____ 拥有世界上最完善的工业供应链和完整的产业体系。它生产超过220种工业产品，在产量方面全球排名第一。它是工业种类最为多样化的国家之一，并在全球工业和供应链中发挥着重要作用。

On one hand, China still needs to upgrade its industries to compete with the West in certain areas, such as large aircraft production. On the other hand, the Western world, using self-formulated "international rules," acts both as players and referees, imposing strict barriers on Chinese products entering their markets. They resort to spreading rumors, defamation, and malicious suppression, as seen in the case of Huawei.

China has been pondering how to increase market share in developed countries such as Europe, America, Japan.. However, the potential market in developing countries became apparent through the China-Europe Railway Express.

In 1894, Western newspapers published comments stating, "Japan is a monster draped in the skin of civilization but possessing the bones of barbarism. Japan has now removed the mask of civilization, exposing its true barbaric nature." This comment was directed at Japan's (_____) large-scale massacre of the residents of Port Arthur. 1894年，西方报纸发表了评论，称：“日本是披着文明皮肤的怪物，拥有野蛮的骨骼。日本现在已经摘下了文明的面具，暴露了其真正的野蛮本性。”这条评论是针对日本在（_____）对旅顺居民的大规模屠杀。

The treaty that allowed foreign aggressor forces to further penetrate into China's hinterland is (B) the "Treaty of ______."

The following image is a Western cartoon from the late 19th century, which reflects (  ) H. Western powers initiating the partitioning of China.

Japanese Foreign Minister Mutsu Munemitsu ordered the Japanese envoy to Korea: "Provoking conflict with China is the urgent matter at hand. Any means can be taken to achieve this." This incident indicates that:______

In the late 19th century, a foreign diplomatic document stated: "China's current tariffs apply to all goods loaded and unloaded at any port within the so-called 'spheres of influence,' regardless of which country they belong to." The true meaning of this statement is (   )

After the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the country that forced Japan to give up the Liaodong Peninsula is (  ) 1.Russia  2.Britain  3. France    4. Germany

In 1894, Japan launched a large-scale war of aggression against China in order to achieve its dreams of conquering Korea, invading China, and dominating the world. This war is   

The battle that led to the complete destruction of the Beiyang Fleet is (B) the Battle of the Yellow Sea.

The treaty that ceded Taiwan to Japan after the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1894, following China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War, is (  )

From the mid-19th century onwards, foreign merchant ships were able to sail into the Yangtze River and enter the heartland of China. In 1895, the farthest commercial port they could reach was (   ) 从19世纪中叶开始，外国商船能够驶入长江，进入中国腹地。到1895年，他们能到达的最远商业港口是（ ）。

_______ led China to defeat without being defeated, not only allowing Vietnam to become a French colony but even selling out the rights of the southwestern provinces of China. The gateway to China's southwest was opened, and French invasive forces, based in Indochina, pushed straight into Yunnan, Guangxi, and the Gulf of Guangzhou (today's Zhanjiang), turning it into a French sphere of influence for a time. _______ 导致中国虽未被直接击败，但最终落败，不仅使越南成为法国的殖民地，还出卖了中国西南省份的权益。中国西南的门户被打开，驻扎在印度支那的法国侵略力量直推进入云南、广西和广州湾（今天的湛江），一度将其变成法国的势力范围。

Regarding the development of manufacturing industry, ______ believed that "borrowing is not as good as hiring, hiring is not as good as buying, and buying is not as good as self-production." ______ insisted that "buying is better than making, renting is better than buying." 关于制造业的发展，______ 认为“借不如雇，雇不如买，买不如自制。”而 ______坚持认为“买不如做，租不如买。”

Under tremendous pressure, the Fuzhou Shipyard completed the construction of the _____ ship in 1889, with a tonnage of 2,640 tons, reaching the European standards of medium-sized warships of the same period.

Zeng Jize signed the Sino-Russian Ili Treaty with Russia, regaining some sovereignty and territory. At that time, this was already the best possible outcome.

When writing "Strategies for the Management of a Nation," Sun Yat-sen stated that the most suitable place for China's capital would be ______.

Zuo Zongtang not only reclaimed Xinjiang but more importantly, he reclaimed the significant northwestern provinces of Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia. The area Zuo Zongtang reclaimed is not 1.7 million square kilometers but over 3.4 million square kilometers. 左宗堂不仅收复了新疆，更重要的是，他收复了陕西、甘肃和宁夏这三个重要的西北省份。左宗堂收复的区域不仅仅是170万平方公里，而是超过340万平方公里。

Zuo Zongtang not only planned strategies for how to retake the lost territory of Xinjiang, but also considered measures for its development. During his military campaigns, he keenly felt the hardship of the vast Gobi Desert without green shade, and thus led his troops in _____ planting and afforestation. 左宗堂不仅规划了如何收复失去的新疆领土的战略，还考虑了其发展的措施。在他的军事行动中，他深刻感受到了广袤戈壁沙漠的艰难，没有绿荫的环境，因此他带领部队进行 _____ 种植和造林

Turkey and Imperial Russia fought wars over the _____ Peninsula for three centuries, harboring deep-seated enmity for hundreds of years! In 1878, Imperial Russia had just concluded its 10th Russo-Turkish War with the Ottoman Empire, resulting in a staggering national deficit of 50 million rubles. 土耳其和帝国俄罗斯为争夺 _____ 半岛进行了三百年的战争，积怨已深达数百年！1878年，帝国俄罗斯刚刚结束了与奥斯曼帝国的第十次俄土战争，导致了高达5000万卢布的惊人国债。

If a country has a barren land with few people and poor resources, and the land is far away from the center of the country, difficult to manage, then losing it would not have much impact on the whole country. In other words, it's not worth keeping. 如果一个国家拥有贫瘠的土地，人口稀少，资源匮乏，而且这片土地远离国家的中心，管理起来困难，那么失去它对整个国家的影响不会很大。换句话说，留着它也没有太大意义。

______ advocated for prioritizing the defense of coastal borders to prevent disruption by the British, French, Americans, and Japanese from the seas, which could threaten the Qing Dynasty's financial strongholds. ______, on the other hand, argued for equal emphasis on both coastal and frontier defenses, given the presence of a powerful Russia to the west and the British coming from India.______ 主张优先防守沿海边疆，以防止来自英国、法国、美国和日本的海上干扰，这可能威胁到清朝的经济重心。另一方面，______ 认为应当同等重视沿海和边疆防御，考虑到西边有强大的俄罗斯，东边则有来自印度的英国威胁。

Who vigorously advocated for policies to strengthen border defense and encourage the military and civilians to engage in agricultural settlement and water conservancy projects during his dismissal and exile, and handed over all of the valuable information he had compiled in Xinjiang to Zuo Zongtang ? 谁在被免职和流放期间，积极倡导加强边防的政策，并鼓励军民参与农业垦殖和水利工程项目，同时将他在新疆所整理的所有宝贵信息交给了左宗棠？

In the late Qing Dynasty, popular religious organizations such as the White Lotus Sect and the Hongdeng Sect had both a sense of justice and revolutionary spirit in their resistance against imperialism, but they also had issues of ignorance and limitations. 清朝末期民间宗教组织白莲教/红灯教等，他们具有反抗帝国主义的正义性和革命性，也存在愚昧和局限性的问题。

During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China period, ordinary people had already exerted all their efforts to fill their stomachs and survive, and had no energy or interest to concern themselves with national affairs. 清朝末期和民国时期，老百姓为了填饱肚子，为了活下去已经拼尽了全力，根本没心思关系国家大事。

Only in China do the people blindly submit to the stronger force, following whoever has more power and can win, without any standards of justice or evil, and without any bottom line. 全世界范围内只有中国的民众一味臣服于更强的势力，谁势力大，谁能赢就跟谁，没有什么正义邪恶的标准，没有底线。

Some Manchu officials were well aware of the Qing Dynasty’s deep corruption and decay, but their stance of “loyalty to the emperor and love for the country” prevented them from standing up to shatter the old system, leaving them in great inner pain. 部分满族官员深知清王朝腐朽不堪，但他们“忠君爱国”的立场决定了他们又不能站出来砸碎这个旧制度，所以内心异常痛苦。

In the late Qing Dynasty, during the invasion of foreign enemies and a time of internal strife, some enlightened individuals, like Huang Feihong, were confused because they could not find a revolutionary path suited to China's conditions. They were determined to strengthen the nation, but their ambitions were difficult to realize. 清朝末年外敌入侵，内忧外患之际，部分像黄飞鸿一样的有识之士因为没有找到适合中国国情的革命道路而迷茫，他们 发愤图强，却有志难伸

The Qing government was full of incompetent officials, which led to both internal and external troubles for the country. The "______ Catholic Incident" is a typical example. 满清政府里有很多无能之辈当政，搞的国家内忧外患。“______教案”就是个典型例子。

The Qing government's foreign minister, Li Hongzhang, was completely unaware of the international situation. He continually sought peace with all foreigners and even executed innocent civilians who resisted! 清政府的外交大臣李鸿章根本不了解国际时局，不熟悉欧洲的情况，面对所有外国人都一味求和，甚至斩杀了反抗的无辜民众！

Under the pressure of foreign powers from Europe and America, the Qing government launched the Self-Strengthening Movement, with the goal of enriching the country and strengthening the military through the principle of "Chinese learning as the foundation, Western learning for practical use." However, the most important thing was using new technology to prolong the life of the Manchu Qing regime. Whether China could catch up with the course of history and become prosperous and strong was not the focus of the Qing government. 清政府在欧美列强打击之下发起了“中学为体，西学为用”目标为富国强兵的洋务运动，然而用新技术给满清统治政府续命才是最重要的，中国能不能追上历史潮流，走向富强，这不是满清政府关注的重点。

During the Republic of China period, the literary giant Lin Yutang wrote a book titled My Country and My People, in which he stated: "The Chinese are a people without faith. The Chinese are most courageous when they are safe, but when faced with danger, they are fearful of death. They are strong in front of the weak, but slaves in front of the strong. They are very fierce in the face of kindness, but astonishingly silent in the face of evil." In fact, any nation displays similar behavior when it is impoverished, backward, exploited, oppressed, and suffering. Lin Yutang's understanding is very biased.民国时期的文豪林语堂了一本书叫《吾国吾民》，称：“中国人是没有信仰的民族，中国人在安全的时候最勇敢，在危险的时候贪生怕死，在弱者面前是强者，在强者面前是奴才，在善良面前非常凶狠，在罪恶面前却是惊人的沉默。” 其实任何民族在贫穷落后，被剥削压迫，承受苦难时都是一样的表现，林语堂的认识非常片面。

In fact, the ones with inherent flaws are not the ordinary Chinese people, but the old-fashioned intellectuals like Lin Yutang and Hu Shi, who couldn't accomplish anything practical but only spouted nonsense, playing the role of "self-reflection critics." 实际上有劣根性不是中国普通的老百姓，而是林语堂和胡适这帮迂腐文人，实事干不了一件，只会瞎逼逼，做“反思怪”。

The White Lotus Sect resisted the oppression of colonizers in a more extreme manner. But none of this is the fault of the ordinary Chinese people! These common people, though ignorant and uneducated, are not our enemies. They are our fellow countrymen and revolutionary comrades whom we need to unite with and help. 白莲教用比较极端的方式反抗殖民者的压迫。但这一切并不是中国老百姓的错！这些中国普通老百姓，虽然愚昧，没有文化，但他们不是我们的敌人，而是我们需要团结，需要帮助的同胞和革命战友。

The ordinary Chinese people are incredibly kind, resilient, hardworking, and willing to endure hardship. They are extremely diligent, courageous in struggle, and possess the spirit of the Foolish Old Man Moving Mountains and the Jingwei Bird Filling the Sea. However, they have endured too much suffering and lacked education and guidance, which is why they may appear numb and indifferent. 中国的普通老百姓非常善良，坚韧不拔，能吃苦，极端勤奋，敢于斗争，有愚公移山和精卫填海的精神. 中国老百姓承受了太多苦难，缺少教育和指引，所以才会表现出麻木不仁。

When someone sincerely educates them and trains them with communist ideology, ordinary Chinese will prove through their actions that they are among the bravest people in the world. The victory in the War of Resistance Against Japan, the birth of New China, the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, and the War Against U.S. Aggression and Aid Vietnam are all proof of this—our Chinese people have backbone, capability, and can defeat any enemy! 在有人真诚地教育他们，训练他们用共产主义的思想武装他们之后，中国普通老百姓就会用自己的表现证明他们是这个世界上最勇敢的人，抗日战争的胜利，新中国的诞生，抗美援朝，抗美援越战等都是明证--我们中国人民有骨气，有能力，可以战胜一切敌人！

Trade, or commerce, essentially involves the exchange of goods to create value. 贸易或者说商业，实质上就是互通有无，让交换产生价值。

from Emperor Shunzhi to the abdication of Puyi in 1911, the Qing dynasty’s core policy was "___________," even at the cost of lucrative overseas trade, the livelihoods of millions, and even the lives of countless commoners. 从1644年顺治皇帝开始，直到1911年溥仪退位，清朝一直执行的核心国策是 “___________”，即使牺牲利润丰厚的海外贸易和千百万国民的生计，甚至千百万老百姓的生命也在所不惜！

To weaken the influence of the Han Chinese and overseas Chinese communities, the Qing government implemented harsh _______ . 为了削弱大陆之外汉人/华人势力，清政府实行严厉的____政策。

From 1684-1685, Emperor Kangxi established four customs offices (Guangzhou, Fujian, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi customs) in Macau, Zhangzhou, Ningbo, and Yuntai Mountain, respectively, to manage foreign trade and collect tariffs. Officially sanctioned merchant groups were allowed to act as intermediaries for trade. These commercial intermediaries were called "hang shang" (行商) 1684-1685年两年时间，康熙在澳门、漳州、宁波、云台山设立了四个海关（粤海关、闽海关、浙海关、江海关），作为管理对外贸易和征收关税的机构。 官府特许商人团体作为买卖的中间商。 这些专营商业的人士被叫做“行商”。

China's _______ have always been highly sought after by Europeans, both in the past and present. 中国的________是古往今来都是欧洲人向往的高档奢侈品

Britain's objective was to achieve a ______, meaning its exports had to exceed imports, so that gold and silver could flow into the country. 英国要实现的目标是国际，即 出口额要大于进口额，这样衡量财富的金银才会进入国内。

In 1840, the Opium War broke out, and the Qing government was ultimately defeated, signing an unequal treaty in ____ that ceded land and required reparations. China was forced to enter the process of modernization. 1840年鸦片战争爆发，清政府最终战败，在____签订不平等条约，割地赔款。中国自此被迫卷入现代化进程。

The reason why the common people in the movie 🎬 are numb and indifferent is because of the Qing government's oppressive policies towards the Han majority, such as the policy of keeping the population ignorant, the literary inquisition, and other high-pressure tactics that forced the public to refrain from discussing national affairs. The bullying by officials and the pressures of daily life made the common people uninterested in politics. 电影🎬里的老百姓之所以麻木不仁是因为满清政府的少数民族对人口占绝大多数的汉族的愚民政策，文字狱等高压政策迫使公众不敢谈论国家事务。官府的欺凌和生活的压力，让老百姓无心过问政治。

“拳脚是打不过枪炮的，我们一定要变”。树挪死人挪活，遇到困难就要勇于探索和改变, 但这并不意味着抛弃自己的身份认同和民族历史！

Lin Zexu, Zuo Zongtang, Zhang Zhidong, Sun Yat-sen, Liang Qichao, Zhou Shuren (Lu Xun), Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, and others all realized that China had to change and started actively learning from foreign countries, striving for self-improvement, through the humiliation inflicted by foreigners on the Chinese people time and time again. Sun Yat-sen and Zhou Shuren, after studying Western medicine, realized that medical skills can only treat the body, but not the ______. 林则徐、左宗棠、张之洞、孙中山、梁启超、周树人（鲁迅）、陈独秀、李大钊等人都是在一次又一次洋人欺负国人的屈辱中意识到了中国必须要变，开始主动学习外国，奋发图强。孙文和周树人这两人在学习西医后意识到，医术只能医治身体，而不能医治_____。

Leung Kwan is a microcosm of the common people of that era in China. They have infinite strength and potential, but they have not been guided and inspired. Mozi said, "If dyed blue, be blue; if dyed yellow, be yellow." What Leung Kwan ultimately becomes depends on the direction he is guided in. 梁宽就是那个时代中国最普通百姓的一个缩影，他们身上蕴藏着无穷的力量和潜能，但却没有得到引导和激发。墨子说“染于苍则苍，染于黄则黄。”梁宽最后变成什么样，取决于他被引导的方向。

Chairman Mao believed that the common people, like Tang Seng, were ordinary people with no ability to judge right from wrong. The numbness and indifference of the people were caused by being misled by feudal superstitions and tortured by a poor environment. In reality, the masses of people have the potential to be a united force with infinite potential. 毛主席认为老百姓像唐僧一样是凡人，没有判断是非的能力。老百姓麻木不仁是被封建迷信所误导，被穷苦环境所折磨，实际上人民群众是可以团结的力量，有无穷的潜力。

"If there is a mountain of gold in this world, why do these foreign ships come to our ports? Perhaps we are already standing on top of the mountain of gold." Huang Feihong's lament is actually emphasizing that_____ in order to become strong, we must ultimately rely on our own strength.“如果这个世界有金山的话，这些洋船为什么要来我们的港口？也许我们已经站在金山之上。” 黄飞鸿的感慨其实就是在强调“_____” 想要变得强大，最终我们还是要依靠自己的力量。

In 1954, Premier _____ proposed China’s "Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence" for handling foreign relations, with the core principle being: respect for the fundamental interests of other countries, non-interference in their internal affairs, and pursuit of "equality and mutual benefit." 1954年时，____ 总理就提出了中国处理对外关系的《和平共处五项原则》，其中最核心的内容就是：尊重他国的根本利益，不干涉他国内政，追求“平等互利”。这体现了毛泽东时代中国政治家的战略远见和卓越智慧

gangs were complex in nature, with mixed elements. They bound people together through loyalty and personal allegiance, which created many problems and lacked real cohesion. These groups needed to undergo_____ before they could truly unleash their power. 帮派性质复杂，鱼龙混杂。靠义气和人身依附的方式把人绑在一起，问题多多，没有真正的凝聚力。他们需要先经过____才能真正发挥自己的力量。

Although the revolutionary parties shouted about revolution for many years, they were politically immature and lacked sophistication. They had no revolutionary program, no stable financial sources, no armed forces of their own, and they did not have detailed plans for each uprising. 革命党虽然嚷嚷了这么多年的革命，但他们政治上太幼稚，不成熟，没有革命纲领，没有稳定的财源，没有自己的武装，更没有为每次起义准备好周密的计划，也没有做好在中国建立起像美国这样的一个共和国的各方面准备

peasant uprisings were often backward, blindly xenophobic, and not progressive, but peasants could be enlightened if the method was right. 农民起义往往都是落后的，盲目排外的，不是进步的，但农民是可以被启迪的，只要方法得当。

The revolutionary parties first, did not dare to confront the great powers, did not dare to oppose imperialism, and did not dare to offend foreigners; second, they did not dare to oppose feudalism and were rather lenient toward landlords; third, they did not dare to fully mobilize the masses, fearing a social revolution. 革命党第一不敢碰列强，不敢反帝，不敢得罪洋人；第二不敢反封建，对地主比较仁慈；第三不敢放手发动群众，恐惧社会革命。必须看到的是：革命党根本就没想过要去发动群众搞社会革命

The Communist Party’s educational approach during the revolution was truly bottom-up, uniting all social classes—workers, peasants, and intellectuals—and combining theoretical learning with the social practice of revolution. 中共在革命时期的广开民智，其实讲的是自下而上，是团结社会各个阶级，是工人农民和知识分子的结合，是理论学习与革命的社会实践相结合。

_____ found the correct revolutionary path—the strategy of surrounding the cities from the countryside and establishing revolutionary base areas led by the workers and peasants. _____ 最终找到了革命的正确路线--农村包围城市，工农红军革命根据地路线。

Chairman Mao famously said, "The more knowledge, the more reactionary," and also harshly criticized some so-called intellectuals at _____ University, calling them "a small temple with great evil spirits, a shallow pond with many turtles." 毛主席说 “知识越多越反动”也严厉批评过____大学的部分砖家和学者“庙小妖风大，池浅王八多”。

the so-called "opening minds" by past elites referred to top-down enlightenment. The elite class has a stubborn mindset that refuses to accept any rebuttal. They have become accustomed to their sheltered environments and are unwilling to conduct real-world research, failing to connect theory with practice.精英们说的广开明智，指的是自上而下的教化启蒙。他们往往隐含有一种“精英阶层已经掌握了全部真理，民众只需要接受灌输就行”的错误观念，而且非常固执，根本不接受反驳。实际上是他们自己习惯了温室，不愿到残酷的现实环境中实地调研，不让理论联系实际。

Some international students and returning experts may appear to have solid professional knowledge, but in reality, they are like "tape recorders" who don't know for whom their knowledge should be applied, or "middlemen" of Western knowledge. They understand little to nothing about the history of their own country and nation, yet they are not ashamed, but rather take pride in it. 部分留学生和归国专家看似专业知识很扎实，但实际是不知道自己所学的知识应该为谁所用的“复读机”或西方知识的“二道贩子”。对于自己国家民族的历史一点不懂，或懂得甚少，不以为耻，反以为荣。

Modern Chinese history is not a story of a few elite individuals saving the entire nation, but the history of all Chinese people saving themselves. The ____ are the true creators of history, and they are the real heroes. 中国近现代的历史不是某一小部分精英拯救全民族的故事，而是全体中国人自己拯救自己的历史。____才是历史的创造者，才是真正的英雄。

he Communist Party, led by Mao Zedong, had the greatest contribution. Mao Zedong was the most central figure, founding the Communist Party of China, the Chinese Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army, the revolutionary base areas for the workers and peasants, and the new China。 客观地讲，功劳最大的就是毛泽东为首的共产党人。其中毛泽东是最核心人物，是他创立了中国共产党，中国工农红军即人民解放军，工农武装革命根据地，以及新中国。

The Macartney Mission "entered Beijing like beggars, stayed there like prisoners, and left like refugees." After being rejected by Emperor Qianlong with the posture of the "Celestial Empire," Britain did not respond with anger or military force. Instead, they continued to endure various restrictions and "insults" while maintaining "peaceful trade" with the Qing Empire, because the British were civilized, polite, and loved peace. 马戛尔尼使团“像乞丐一样进入北京，像囚犯一样留在那里，像难民一样离开”。被乾隆以“天朝上国”的姿态拒绝后，英国也没有怒而兴兵，反而继续忍受各种限制和“侮辱”继续和大清帝国“和平贸易”, 因为英国人文明礼貌，热爱和平。

the Ming and Qing Dynasties were able to sustain this seemingly illogical and economically unsound policy for so long—this is not something just any country could do. 明清两代“何以能够”长期坚持这一明显不合常识，也不符合经济规律的政策——并非任何国家都有实行闭关闭关的条件。

Ming and Qing Dynasties were feudal regimes, and the rulers’ policies were not intended for the benefit of the common people. The imperial power only cared about two things: First, to strictly prevent any forces, whether domestic or foreign, that could challenge imperial authority; and second, to ensure that power remained monopolized by the ruling ethnic group, with an unbroken dynasty. 明清都是封建王朝，统治者的政策出发点并不是为了天下苍生利益。皇权只在乎两件事情 ：一是严防任何可能挑战皇权的势力崛起，无论国内或海外；二是确保权力由本族系垄断，万世一系。

The side effect of the Qing dynasty’s “sophisticated” political methods was the suppression of people’s thoughts. The civil service examination system, which had already become rigid during the Qing Dynasty, continued to be heavily promoted. The exam system wasted decades of youth in scholarly pursuits. 清朝的“高超”政治手段带来的副作用就是钳制/压制人民思想。“八股取士”的科举制度在清代已经严重僵化却被依旧大力倡导。科举制引导人们浪费几十年青春光阴 ，皓首穷经.

For the sake of their own selfish interests and to protect the privileges of the Manchu nobility, the Qing government preferred to not develop the social productive forces, adopting a policy of self-imposed isolation instead of giving the Han people any opportunity to rise.为了一己私利， 维护满清贵族利益， 清政府宁愿不发展社会生产力， 闭关锁国，也不愿给汉族人任何翻身的机会。康熙皇帝好歹还保留了四个对外通商口岸，乾隆皇帝直接废除了三个.

Guangzhou was chosen by Emperor Qianlong as the only port for foreign trade in the Qing Empire because it had the best shipping conditions in the country. 广州被乾隆皇帝选为大清中国唯一对外通商口岸因为广州拥有全国最好的航运条件。

due to their wariness of Han power, the Qing court long restricted the development of military technologies, such as firearms, and prohibited private maritime trade and foreign interaction. 出于对汉人力量的警惕，清廷长期限制火器等军事技术的研发与民间使用，亦严禁民间海上贸易和对外交往。官方对民间科技探索和海外联系的不信任，导致许多生产技术和社会知识无法顺利迭代更新。在这种封闭与控制的主导下，中国社会逐渐失去创新活力，以及与外部世界积极互动的能力，为之后的全面落后埋下伏笔。

Due to their wariness of Han power, the Qing court long restricted the development of ____ technologies, such as firearms, and prohibited private maritime trade and foreign interaction. 出于对汉人力量的警惕，清廷长期限制火器等_____技术的研发与民间使用，亦严禁民间海上贸易和对外交往。官方对民间科技探索和海外联系的不信任，导致许多生产技术和社会知识无法顺利迭代更新。在这种封闭与控制的主导下，中国社会逐渐失去创新活力，以及与外部世界积极互动的能力，为之后的全面落后埋下伏笔。

Guangzhou was the only port for foreign trade during the reign of Emperor Qianlong because: _____

The reason why the Qing Dynasty implemented the appalling “Relocation Order” was because they viewed “maintaining control” as their highest priority. What they truly feared was the emergence of a powerful Chinese government overseas. 满清朝廷之所以实现令人发指的“迁界令”是因为他们将“维护统治”视为最高目标，他们真正惧怕的是：海外出现有实力的华人政权

In addition to the maritime ban, the Qing court also adopted a systematic “reserve strategy,” designating the entire _______ regions as “Manchu reserves” — a place of retreat in case of the collapse of the central regime. 除了“海禁”，清廷还采取了系统的“留后路”策略--将整个____地区划为满族“保留地”，作为在中原统治崩溃后的退守之地

For a country to genuinely “close its doors” and still function effectively, it must have the strength to be “_____,” and indeed, China had this capability.

能够真正“闭关锁国”还能有效运转的国家的必须有实力“_____”，而大清时代的中国确实有这实力。

China is an enormous country with a continent-level landmass, possessing both land and sea, with a complete geographical layout. China has long been the dominant power in Asia, occupying the most fertile lands in East Asia and even the world. 中国是一个拥有大洲级别国土的巨大国家，并且海陆兼备，地理格局完整。长期以来中国都是亚洲霸主，占据了东亚乃至全世界最优质的土地。

China's territory includes almost all types of terrain and landform, including plains, hills, plateaus, valleys, basins, glaciers, islands, swamps, waterfalls, lakes, caves, sinkholes, rifts, rivers, and more. 中国领土包含了几乎所有地形地貌，包括平原，丘陵，高原，峡谷，盆地，冰川，岛屿，沼泽，瀑布，湖泊，洞穴，天坑，地缝，河流等。

China's land spans multiple climate and vegetation zones, including tropical rainforest, subtropical monsoon regions, temperate continental climates, temperate humid regions, subarctic, polar regions, semi-arid areas, plateau and mountain climates, and numerous micro-climates.  中国领土跨越多个气候和植被带，包括热带雨林，亚热带季风区，温带大陆性气候区，温带湿润区，亚寒带，寒带，半干旱区，高原高山气候区，以及众多小微气候植被带 。

The diversity in terrain, temperature, and vegetation has given rise to a wealth of biological resources and industries, making China home to the most complete and diverse range of "industry categories" in the world.

在地形，气温，植被方面的高度多样性孕育了极其丰富的生物资源与物产门类，使中国能够拥有全世界最为丰富完整的“产业门类”

China has long been the most populous country in the world and places great emphasis on education. The population is not only highly skilled but also disciplined, enhancing the country's ability to manage and regulate its land and resources. 中国长期是世界上人口最多的国家，而且异常重视教育，人口不仅素质高，而且纪律性好，增强了国土整治与资源调控的能力。中国在古代就可以组织巨大人力资源来改造自然环境，例如修建都江堰和京杭大运河

China is one of the few countries that can be self-sufficient and independent. China is not a traditional country but an independent, self-sustaining world. 中国是少有的能够做到独立自主，自给自足的国家。中国不是传统意义上的国家，而是一个自给自足的独立世界。乾隆皇帝说“我天朝物产丰富，应有尽有，不需要依靠外国的货物来互通有无。”并不是夸大其词.

One of the key reasons China was able to maintain a "closed-door" policy for an extended period in its history, aside from its massive economic scale, relatively complete resources, and strong internal circulation and self-sufficiency, is the absolute national defense security advantage it possessed, which made any potential invaders hesitate. 中国历史上能够长期维持“闭关锁国”的政策，除了其经济体量庞大、资源种类相对齐全，具备强大的内部循环与自给自足能力这一经济基础外，另一个至关重要的原因，在于其拥有令任何潜在入侵者都望而却步的绝对国防安全优势。

China’s national defense advantages include: 中国的国防安全优势包括：

Intellectuals during the Enlightenment still viewed ___ as a wealthy, advanced, and powerful civilization, an ideal model that all of Europe should learn from. 启蒙运动中的知识分子眼中，___ 依然是他们理想中的富裕先进强大的文明国家，是整个欧洲应该学习的对象。

It wasn't until 1860, when China was forced to sign the Treaty of ____, that Europe began to look down on the Qing Dynasty. 1860年中国被逼签订《____条约》，欧洲才开始鄙视大清国，毕竟欧洲二流国家沙俄从东北和西北两个方向的进犯中国都没有阻力，直接侵占了150多万平方公里的土地

It wasn't until 1895, when ____'s Beiyang Fleet was completely destroyed by Japan, that the label of "The Sick Man of East Asia" was finally affixed to China. 直到1895年裱糊匠___用20年建立的北洋水师被日本全歼，西方人才终于发现清帝国是个纸老虎。“东亚病夫”的大帽子才彻底扣上.

Although many social forces in the past two centries share the same ultimate goal of national salvation, their understanding is different. e.g. for Lin Zexu & Zeng Guofan, save the country means save the Qing government. 在过去200年间很多社会力量都有公共的“救国”理想，但他们对此的理解却大不相同。例如林则徐曾国藩等清政府官员，救国对他们来说就是救 清政府，要镇压农民起义。

Over the past 2 centuries, CPC is different from all the rest social forces in saving China because it is the only one that consider "saving China is saving the majority of the population, i.e. ________" 在过去的两百年间，中国共产党和所有其他救国势力的不同在于共产党认为，救国就是要拯救人口当中的绝大多数人，在那个时代就是_________

The CPC overcame various difficulties, strengthened itself, and ultimately led the Chinese nation out of suffering because it won the respect，trust & support of the general public. 中国共产党之所以能够克服一个个困难，不仅强大了自身也拯救了中国，是因为党赢得了广大人民群众的尊重，信任和支持。⬆️

The CPC has won the trust and respect of the broad masses because it adheres to the mass line of "coming from the masses and going to the masses," always stands with the people, and fundamentally considers their vital interests and feelings. 中国共产党之所以能够赢得广大人民群众的尊重，信任和支持是因为党坚持“从群众中来，到群众中去‘的群众路线，始终与群众为伍，根本上考虑群众的切身利益和感受。

The Taiping Rebellion, despite its proclaimed goal of saving the people and some efforts made in that direction, saw its peasant leaders rapidly succumb to corruption and extravagant living after establishing their capital in Nanjing. They became detached from and betrayed the peasant class, ultimately reverting to the old practice of treating the realm as a family possession and restoring feudal monarchy. 太平天国运动虽然宣称要拯救百姓，也做出过努力。但在定都南京后，这些农民运动领袖迅速腐化，生活奢靡，脱离和背叛了农民阶级，走上了“家天下”的老路，复辟封建君主制。

Scorned by the people, the Revolutionary Party met the same fate as the Kuomintang, which was ultimately cast aside by them. In essence, both failed because they looked down on the masses, adhered to elitism and hero-worship, and considered the common people backward, ignorant, and beyond enlightenment. Yet, social elites are often parochial and refined in their self-interest. 革命党被人民嫌弃，国民党被人民抛弃，两者的最终失败，本质上是因为他们都看不起群众，坚持精英主义和英雄主义，认为广大人民群众就是落后的，愚昧的，很难被教化的。 然而，社会精英往往眼光狭隘，而且精致利己。

The Chinese government, under the leadership of CPC, has made tremendous efforts to develop the impoverished western regions and assist those in extreme poverty because the Party has remained committed to its fundamental goal of representing the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people. This commitment inherently means that the people in the western regions and those in poverty cannot be left behind. 党所领导的政府之所以要花大力气发展贫穷落后的西部，帮助极端贫困人口脱贫，是因为党坚持了自己的根本目标，代表了中国最广大人民的根本利益，这必然不能放弃西部人民和贫困人民。