Toward the cord

3 major portions of the brain

83% of brain volume

50% neurons, 10% brain volume

Separates 2 cerebral hemispheres

Folds

Deeper masses of grey matter are called

Bundles of axons

Grooves

neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapse

outermost, tough membrane

layer against the bone

layer continues into the vertebral canal

This is separated by dural sinuses draining blood from the brain (superior sagittal sinus and transverse sinus)

Extends into longitudinal fissure (separates right and left cerebrum)

separates cerebellum from cerebrum

spider web filamentous layer

thin vascular layer adherent to counters of the Brian

4 internal chambers within the CNS

found inside the cerebral hemispheres

the inverventricular foramen is connected to the

single vertical space under the corpus callosum

the cerebral aqueduct connects to the

between pons and cerebellum

lined with ependymal cells and contain choroid plexus of capillaries that produce CSF

3 primary functions of cerebrospinal fluid

suspends brain so its neutrally buoyant

cushions from hitting the inside of the skull

rinses away wastes

escapes from 4th ventricle to surround the brain which is absorbed by arachnoid vili into venus sinus

tightly joined endothelium of blood capillaries

at the choroid plexus, ependymal cells are joined by tight junctions

passage through brain-blood barrier

in the 3rd and 4th ventricle, are breaks in the barrier where blood has direct access

Hindbrain

centers for controlling basic functions in the medulla oblogata

adjusts rate and force of heart rate

adjusts blood vessel diameter

ascending sensory tracts and descending motor tracts

2 cranial nerves in the midbrain, cross section (EYEMOVEMENT)

5 major regions of the midbrain

corticospinal tracts

connects to cerebellum and helps control fine movements through red nucleus

motor center that relays inhibitory signals to basal ganglia and thalamus (parkinson's disease)

reticulospinal tract (pain)

4 nuclei called corpa quadrugemina

2 superior (tracking moving object) and 2 inferior (turning of head to sound) colliculi

reticular formation functions

right and left hemispheres connected in the cerebellum by

concerned with muscular coordination

parallel surface folds on cerebellum called

large cells in single layer in cortex are called

connected to brain by cerebellar peduncles

superior peduncles

middle peduncles

white matter us also called (visible in the sagittal section)

diencephalon

the gateway to cerebral cortex

nearly receives all sensory information on its way to the cerebral cortex

interconnected to the limbic system so involved in emotional and memory functions

optic chias to mammillary bodies and pituitary gland is attacked by stalk called the infundibulum

major control center for ANS and endocrine system

epithalamus consists of

3mm layer of grey matter with extensive folds to increase surface area

voluntary motor functions and areas for planning, mood, smell, and social judgement and aggressive (think of a headache)

contains areas for sensory reception and integration of sensory (when you think too hard you put your fingers here)

visual center of the brain

contains areas for hearing, smelling, learning, memory, and emotional behaviors

3 types of tracts

form interanal capsule superior to brainstem and then diverge as corona radiata

corpus callosum is wide band of white fiber tracts and anterior and posterior commissures are smaller

long connected lobes and short connected gyri

grey matter is found is 3 areas

2 types of neocortex cells

receive sensory input and process info

output neurons

receive input from and signals back to substanianigra and motor cortex

a loop of cortical structures surrounding corpus callosum and thalamus

4 nuclei

monitors surface electrical activity of the brain waves and in diagnosis of degenerative brain diseases

waves 8 to 13Hz

waves 14 to 30Hz

waves 4 to 7Hz

high amplitude <3.5Hz

sleep occurs in cycles called

temporary state of unconsciousness from which one can awake when stimulated

occurs in 4 stages during the first 30-45min of sleep

drifting sensation

easily aroused, EEG is more irregular

vital signs change

deep sleep

hypothalamus produces this which are neuropeptides that stimulate wakefulness

sleep has a what effect

mental process such as awareness perception, thinking, knowledge, and memory

75% of the brain is association areas where integration of what information occurs

perception

recognition

plan responses

can not store new data

can not remember old date

3 important structures for memory

organizes information into memory

controls how emotions are expressed (seat of judgment)

emotions form in the

somatosensory receptors for pain, touch, pressure, and heat, etc

vision and hearing

distributed over the entire body and employee simple receptors

ascending tracts bring sensory to the

in general senses, they selectively relay signals to the central gyrus of parietal lobe, the

caudal to the post central gyrus and in the roof of the lateral sulcus

makes cognitive sense of stimulus

postcentral gyrus

area of cortex is proportional to sensitivity of somatic area

sensory signals are received in this area

interpret sensory information

Positions limbs, location of touch or pain, and shape, weight and texture of object

identify the things we see and face are recognized in the temporal lobe

remember the name of a piece of music or identity a person by his voice

intention to contract a muscle begins in in motor association (premotor) area of frontal lobes

processes orders by sending signals to the spinal cord

pyramidal cells are called

basal nuclei are associated with

proportional to the number of muscle motor unite in region (fine control)

includes reading, writing, speaking, and understanding words

permits recognition of spoken and written language and creates plan of speech

generates motor program for larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lip

language dificit resulting from lesion in same hemisphere as wernicke's and Broca's area

categorical hemisphere associated associated with math and science- language and analytical reasoning

representative hemisphere associated with artistic- spatial relationships, patter, comprehension of special sense, imagination, and insight, music

nerve associated with sense of smell

nerve that provides vision

nerve that controls the turn of the eyeball

nerve involved with eye movement and passes through the trochlea

most important sensory nerve of the face and forks into 4 divisions

1. 1. Opthalmic Divison (sensory)

2. 2. Maxillary Divisions (sensory)

3. 3. Mandibular Divison (mixed)

nerve that provides eye movement and abducts the eyeball

nerve that is both motor and sensory

Motor- major motor nerve of the facial muscles and involved in facial expressions, salivary glands, and tear, nasal, and palatine glands

Sensory- taste on anterior 2/3's of tongue

nerve of hearing and equilibrium

nerve associated with the tongue and pharynx

Tongue- sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue

Pharynx- swallowing, salivation, gaging, control of BP and respiration

nerve with the most extensive distribution and plays a role in autonomic control of cardiac, pulmonary, digestive, and urinary function

nerve association with swallowing head, neck, and shoulder movement

nerve associated with tongue movements