Worksheetsسايكولوجي جابتر 1 & 2
Total questions: 86
Worksheet time: 50mins
1. Of the following factors, which contributes most to students’ learning and development?
a. The curriculum that students follow
b. The size of the classes students are in
c. The students’ school facilities and extracurricular activities
d. The students’ teachers
A person who is highly knowledgeable or skilled in a particular domain, such as physics, anesthesiology, or teaching is best describes as a(n):
professional.
expert.
scholar.
technician.
Which of the following best describes effective teachers?
Teachers who are defined as highly effective by federal legislation mandates, such as No Child Left Behind or Race to the Top
Teachers who are highly knowledgeable in a content area, such as math, science, or American literature
Teachers who are able to produce more learning in their students than would be expected for the students’ background and ability.
Teachers who are well organized and possess both professional knowledge and professional skills
An elementary school decides to experiment with two different curriculum approaches to language arts. The first focuses on a whole language approach, and the second focuses on word-attack skills, such as phonics. If the schools’ results are consistent with patterns identified by research, which of the following is the most likely outcome?
The whole-language approach will result in more student learning than will the approach emphasizing phonics in all the elementary grades.
The approach emphasizing phonics will result in more student learning than will the approach emphasizing whole language in all the elementary grades.
The approach emphasizing phonics will result in more student learning in the lower elementary grades, but the approach emphasizing whole language will result in more learning in the upper elementary grades.
The effectiveness of either approach depends on the knowledge and skills of the teacher implementing the program; one is not necessarily better than the other
* 5. Which of the following best describes expert teaching?
Expert teaching is essentially instinctive, and it is virtually impossible to acquire the skills needed to be an expert teacher in the absence of a great deal of natural ability.
Some teachers possess more natural ability than others, but expertise can be acquired through study and practice.
Expertise in teaching is acquired solely through experience in classrooms, and formal study of teaching is largely a waste of time.
Expert teaching in elementary schools can be developed with study and practice, but expert teaching in middle and secondary schools depends primarily on teachers’ knowledge of content.
Which of the following best describes the differences between effective and ineffective teachers in elementary schools?
Students who had highly effective teachers in 1st and 2nd grades scored higher than students who had ineffective teachers in the same grades, but the differences largely disappeared by the time the students reached 3rd, 4th, and 5th grades.
Students who had highly effective teachers in 3rd, 4th, and 5th grades scored as much as 50 percentile points higher on standardized math tests than students who had ineffective teachers in the same grades.
Students taught by highly effective teachers learn to be better readers than students taught by ineffective teachers, but differences in other content areas are minimal.
The differences between effective and ineffective teachers are slight, because student achievement largely depends on the socioeconomic status of parents.
The body of information and skills that is unique to an area of study, such as law, medicine, or teaching is best described as:
a. professional knowledge.
b. expert knowledge.
c. background knowledge.
d. formal knowledge.
* 11. Of the following, which description is most characteristic of beginning teachers?
They are realistic, sometimes even pessimistic, about the extent to which they’ll be able to help young people from disadvantaged backgrounds.
They believe that they will be more effective than teachers now in the field.
They are unsure of their commitment to teaching.
They go into teaching for material rewards.
Research indicates that effective teaching requires four kinds of professional knowledge. They include:
knowledge of content, general pedagogical knowledge, knowledge of learners and learning, and knowledge of human relations.
knowledge of content, pedagogical content knowledge, general pedagogical knowledge, and knowledge of learners and learning.
pedagogical content knowledge, general pedagogical knowledge, knowledge of learners and learning, and knowledge of human relations.
knowledge of teaching skills, knowledge of learning styles, knowledge of student learning, and knowledge of content.
Teacher abilities such as questioning and the ability to organize a classroom so it functions smoothly would best be described as:
knowledge of content.
pedagogical content knowledge.
general pedagogical knowledge.
knowledge of learners and learning.
The ability to find or create examples of topics so that the topics are meaningful to learners is best described as:
knowledge of content.
pedagogical content knowledge.
general pedagogical knowledge.
knowledge of learners and learning.
“You can’t teach what you don’t know” is a commonly stated maxim in teaching. Of the following, it most nearly describes:
knowledge of content.
pedagogical content knowledge.
general pedagogical knowledge.
knowledge of learners and learning.
Look at the following statement: Research recognizes that students do not passively receive information from teachers (like tape recorders), but instead construct their own knowledge of the topics they study as they attempt to make sense of the information. Understanding the statement you just read most closely relates to:
knowledge of content.
pedagogical content knowledge.
general pedagogical knowledge.
knowledge of learners and learning.
Bob has been teaching fifth grade for five years. He knows his students have difficulty understanding the different potential geologic plate movements of the earth. Knowing this, he has developed a series of hand movements the children can use to illustrate the different potential relationships among plates. By recognizing that his students have difficulty with this concept and by finding a way to better assist their learning, Bob is specifically illustrating his:
domain-specific prior knowledge.
general pedagogical knowledge.
general prior knowledge.
pedagogical content knowledge.
Sandy wants to strengthen her United States History teaching this summer. She has enrolled in a master’s-level course for history majors on the Underground Railroad. By enrolling in the course, Sandy illustrates her desire to increase her:
knowledge of content.
general pedagogical knowledge.
general prior knowledge.
pedagogical content knowledge.
After studying educational psychology, a teacher understands that the thinking of most high school students is concrete, e.g., they are able to understand abstract concepts like density, for example, only after seeing concrete illustrations of it. Without these illustrations, they memorize formulas that have little meaning for them. Of the following, the teacher’s understanding would best be described as:
knowledge of content.
pedagogical content knowledge.
general pedagogical knowledge.
knowledge of learners and learning.
Many people believe that teaching is primarily a process of presenting information to students in succinct and organized ways. Of the following, the most likely reason for this belief is:
most of their experiences with teaching involved teachers presenting and explaining information.
the belief is consistent with what we know about learning.
the belief is based on the need to thoroughly understand the content that we teach, and the need to understand content is documented by research.
most researchers in the area of learning emphasize the role of teacher explanation in helping students learn.
Her ability to represent the concept pressure in this way best illustrates her:
knowledge of content.
pedagogical content knowledge.
general pedagogical knowledge.
knowledge of learners and learning.
The way April represented her content—standing on one foot and then standing on two feet to show the kids the difference between force and pressure is best described as a:
simulation.
model.
case study.
demonstration.
Of the following, the form of content representation best illustrated by the vignette Kathy displayed is best described as:
an example.
a case study.
a demonstration.
a model.
Reflective practice is defined as:
the spontaneous problem-solving effective teachers employ.
the confidence to communicate with parents, other teachers, and administrators.
the process of conducting a critical self-examination of one’s practice and thinking.
the accumulation of day to day interactions that engaged teachers use when working with struggling learners.
Changes in students’ thinking, personalities, and social skills are best described as:
a. cognitive skills.
b. learner expertise.
c. student characteristics.
d. developmental differences.
* 31. Which of the following is the best definition of research?
The process of making decisions about the best way to represent the content that is being taught
The process of systematically gathering information in an attempt to answer professional questions
The process of requiring students to demonstrate that they have met specified standards, and holding teachers responsible for students’ performance
The process of making changes in educational policy to more nearly meet the needs of students at all levels
Researchers will often consciously manipulate one variable, such as the number of questions teachers ask, to measure its effect on another variable, such as student achievement. This process is best described as:
a. descriptive research.
b. correlational research.
c. experimental research.
d. longitudinal research.
The use of surveys, interviews, or observations to identify people’s opinions and attitudes is best described as:
a. descriptive research.
b. correlational research.
c. experimental research.
d. longitudinal research.
Research that identifies a relationship between two variables, such as identifying a relationship between student involvement in learning activities and student achievement is best described as:
a. descriptive research.
b. correlational research.
c. experimental research.
d. longitudinal research.
* 35. Which of the following statements best describes the role of random assignment in research?
It is used to ensure that researchers don’t infringe on people’s rights.
It is used to ensure that the costs of conducting research studies are within government limits.
It is used to ensure that research studies are based on appropriate learning theory.
It is used to ensure that groups used in research studies are comparable.
* 36. Experimental research most commonly extends which of the following types of research?
a. Descriptive research
b. Correlational research
c. Other experimental research
d. Longitudinal research
An attempt to describe complex educational phenomenon in a holistic fashion using nonnumerical data, such as words and pictures, is best described as:
a. descriptive research.
b. correlational research.
c. experimental research
d. qualitative research.
* 38. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the role of research in teaching?
a. It primarily confirms commonsense notions about teaching.
b. It primarily adds information to the body of knowledge that is not understood by common sense or intuition alone.
c. It both confirms commonsense understanding and adds nonintuitive information to the body of knowledge.
d. It primarily focuses on theoretical problems that don't have direct application in classrooms.
39. Of the following, the best description of the type of research that is most commonly conducted by teachers in their classrooms is:
a. descriptive research.
b. correlational research.
c. action research.
d. experimental research.
When conducting action research, after identifying and diagnosing a problem that is important to you, the next step is to:
a. use the results of the study to generate additional research.
b. implement the findings to solve or improve a local problem.
c. systematically plan and conduct a research study.
d. generalize the findings to other action research settings.
A research study indicating that teachers who use concrete examples to illustrate their topics have students who achieve higher than teachers who represent the ideas abstractly best illustrates what kind of research?
a. Descriptive research
b. Longitudinal research
c. Experimental research
d. Longitudinal research
Amanda Jones is an educational researcher who investigates the variables that are related to the success of minority students in private colleges. The type of research that Amanda does can best be described as:
a. experimental research.
b. action research.
c. descriptive research.
d. correlational research.
Luisa is an educational researcher. She surveys everyone in the district to obtain their opinions about after-school enrichment programs. What type of research is best illustrated by Luisa’s efforts?
a. Descriptive research
b. Theoretical research
c. Experimental research
d. Correlational research
Deshawn Smith is an educational researcher who examines the effects of animated agents in learning from multimedia instructional materials. He randomly assigns participants to either a group that gets animated agents in their instructional materials or a group that receives instructional materials without an animated agent. Deshawn’s research can best be described as:
a. experimental research.
b. action research.
c. descriptive research.
d. correlational research.
What kind of research is best illustrated in the following statement? “One group of teachers was trained to call on all their students as equally as possible, another group of comparable teachers received no training, and the results indicated that the trained teachers’ students achieved significantly higher than the other teachers’ students.”
a. Descriptive research
b. Correlational research
c. Experimental research
d. Longitudinal research
* 48. Of the following, what is the best description of a theory?
a. A series of related patterns that can be used as a basis for explanation and prediction.
b. A large body of information that has limited value in the real world.
c. An abstract description of events taking place primarily in the sciences.
d. A series of descriptions and conjectures that don't have any basis in fact.
Sets of related principles that are based on observations and are used to explain additional observations best define:
a. pedagogical content knowledge.
b. random assignment.
c. research.
d. theories.
* 50. Of the following, the best description of the use of theories is to:
a. rehearse and reflect.
b. describe and correlate.
c. explain and predict.
d. inquire and experiment.
** 52. Each of the statements, taken separately, is best described as:
a. a demonstration.
b. a principle.
c. a fact.
d. a case study.
You have studied a theory that focuses on the way people learn, and you understand the theory thoroughly. Of the following, which statement best describes how you will use this understanding in the real world?
It provides you with information about the way people learn that you know to be true for all cases.
It allows you to predict what kind of practice will likely result in the most learning.
It provides you with a set of teaching rules, which if properly applied will almost always work.
It provides you with knowledge and understanding, even though it has limited application for classroom practice.
* 1. Of the following, what is the best definition of development?
a. Changes that occur in human beings as they grow from infancy to adulthood
b. The process of adjusting schemes to maintain a state of equilibrium
c. Modifying environmental experience to fit existing schemes
d. Physiological changes in an individual that result from genetic makeup
* 2. Which of the following is a principle of development?
a. Development proceeds in discrete steps, like walking up a stairway.
a. Development proceeds in discrete steps, like walking up a stairway.
c. Children develop at about the same rate until they reach school age.
d. Development depends on both heredity and the environment.
Brain nerve cells are called:
a. neurons.
b. dendrites.
c. synapses.
d. lobes.
* 4. The components of neurons that transmit outgoing messages to other neurons are called:
a. dendrites.
b. lobes.
c. synapses.
d. axons.
* 5. Of the following, which provides the best evidence of early brain development?
a. Language development, increased energy consumption in the brain, and optical acuity
b. Psychomotor development, language development, and interpersonal sensitivity
c. High blood sugar utilization in the brain, language development, and developmental spurts
d. High synapse formation, high blood sugar utilization in the brain, and increased brain activity
* 6. Research on critical periods in brain research most nearly suggests which of the following?
a. Critical periods exist for humans but are flexible.
b. The best time for the introduction of reading and math is 6 to 8 years.
c. Critical periods provide critical “windows of opportunities” for developmental growth.
d. Preschool should be a time of exploration and free play.
The finding that people who learn a foreign language later in life often speak with an accent is best explained by:
a. the importance of optimal environments.
b. the existence of critical periods.
c. increased neural activity during language development.
d. the effects of enriched environments.
* 17. According to Piaget, people's need for order, structure, and predictability is called:
a. development.
b. learning.
c. maturation.
d. equilibrium.
* 18. Of the following, the best definition of a scheme is:
a. the knowledge, procedures, and relationships that we use to understand the world.
the orderly durable changes in a learner resulting from learning, experience, and maturation.
c. a state of conceptual balance and order.
d. the process of modifying environmental experience to fit present understanding.
* 19. The process of changing existing schemes in response to new experiences is called:
a. assimilation.
b. accommodation.
c. equilibration.
d. maturation.
The ability to mentally trace a line of reasoning back to its beginning is referred to as:
a. systematic reasoning.
b. reversibility.
c. centration.
d. transformation.
* 21. The process of using logical thought to reach a conclusion is referred to as:
a. systematic reasoning.
b. reversibility.
c. centration.
d. transformation.
A form of adaptation in which an experience in the environment is modified to fit an existing scheme is called:
a. organization.
b. accommodation.
c. assimilation.
d. maturation.
The stage in which children are unable to remember physical objects that are no longer visible is called the:
a. sensorimotor stage.
b. preoperational stage.
c. concrete operational stage.
d. formal operational stage.
The biological changes we see in individuals as a result of the interaction of their genetic makeup with the environment is called:
a. learning.
b. maturation.
c. development.
d. experience.
* 25. The inability to interpret an event from another person's point of view is called:
a. irreversibility.
b. centration.
c. egocentrism.
d. assimilation.
* 26. The tendency to focus on one perceptual aspect of an event to the exclusion of all others is called:
a. centration.
b. egocentrism.
c. irreversibility.
d. transformation.
The ability to mentally record the process of change from one state to another–such as mentally recording a clay ball being flattened–is called:
a. centration.
b. reversibility.
c. transformation.
d. conservation.
The idea that the "amount" of some substance stays the same regardless of its shape or the number of pieces into which it is divided is called:
a. centration.
b. equilibrium.
c. transformation.
d. conservation.
The process of ordering of objects according to increasing length, weight, or volume is called:
a. seriation.
b. transformation.
c. conservation.
d. centration.
* 30. When teachers work with children, Piaget would most strongly advocate which of the following?
a. Hands-on experience
b. Video and vicarious experience
c. Texts with logical systematic teacher presentations
d. Lectures and explanations of content to be learned.
* 32. Most students during kindergarten and first grade are at what stage of cognitive development?
a. Sensorimotor
b. Preoperational
c. Concrete operational
d. Formal operational
* 33. According to Piaget, the typical 8-year-old is in which stage of development?
a. Sensorimotor
b. Preoperational
c. Concrete operational
d. Formal operational
* 34. According to Piaget, at which stage does symbolic thought emerge?
a. Sensorimotor
b. Preoperational
c. Concrete operational
d. Formal operational
Of the following, which description best outlines the characteristics of a sociocultural view of development?
Emphasis in experience and the need for equilibrium embedded in a cultural context in influencing development
Emphasis on social interaction, language, and cultural context in influencing development
Emphasis on culture, transformation, and conservation in influencing development
Emphasis on assimilation, culture, and language in influencing development
Of the following, which theorist most stresses the importance of social support and language in cognitive developmental growth?
a. Chomsky
b. Bandura
c. Piaget
d. Vygotsky
* 82. Which of the following concepts undergirds Vygotsky’s perspective on learning?
a. Culture and language
b. Adaptation and accommodation
c. Assimilation and proximity
d. Adaptation and equilibrium
* 83. Which of the following are essential to Vygotsky’s view of development?
a. Social interaction and activity
b. Close emotional relationships with adults and peers
c. Adaptation through experimentation
d. Individual trial and error and experimentation
The concepts and symbols, such as numbers and language, that allow people to think, solve problems, and function in a culture are best described as:
a. forms of internalization.
b. types of scaffolding.
c. examples of private speech.
d. types of cognitive tools.
The process through which learners incorporate external, society-based activities into internal cognitive processes is best described as:
a. assimilation.
b. accommodation.
c. internalization.
d. transformation.
* 89. Of the following, which best describes Vygotsky’s concept of zone of proximal development?
a. Tasks learners can complete if they’re given help
b. Children’s awareness of how much they understand
c. Tasks learners can complete on their own
d. The extent to which learners are able to internalize the knowledge of others
* 90. Which of the following is the best definition of scaffolding?
a. Providing assessment to identify the students’ zones of proximal development
b. Assisting the development of disadvantaged learners with early intervention experiences
c. Providing social experiences for youngsters that reduces egocentricity
d. Providing instructional assistance that allows a learner to proceed through the zone of proximal development
* 91. According to Vygotsky, students can benefit from help if:
a. they are at the stage of concrete operational or higher.
b. their inner speech is developed past preoperational.
c. tasks are in their zones of proximal development.
d. they are capable of transformation and reversibility.
The name given to the instructional assistance that allows the learner to progress through the zone of proximal development is:
a. accommodation.
b. assimilation.
c. maturation.
d. scaffolding.
Which of the following is the best description of an important difference between Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s views of development?
Piaget believed that development is innate, whereas Vygotsky believed it resulted from interactions with the environment.
Piaget believed language merely aided in disrupting equilibrium, whereas Vygotsky felt it was central in raising intellectual functioning.
Vygotsky considered social interaction a means for testing schemes, whereas Piaget felt it was the means for acquiring language and culture.
Vygotsky’s notion of active experimentation is absent from Piaget’s framework for learning and development.
Piaget’s theory suggests that children are totally egocentric when they’re born and their egocentricity gradually declines as they develop. Of the following, the factor most influential in helping to reduce egocentricity would most likely be:
a. social interaction.
b. experience with the physical world.
c. equilibrium.
d. maturation.
Charles is shown two rows of coins having the same number of coins in each. He concludes that the rows have the same numbers of coins. The coins in the second row are then spread apart as Charles watches. Charles then concludes that there are more coins in the second row. Which of the following Piagetian concepts does Charles' behavior best illustrate?
a. Centration
b. Accommodation
c. Adaptation
d. Organization
57. At what stage of cognitive development does the child tend to have a scheme for tree but not for electricity?
a. Sensorimotor
b. Preoperational
c. Concrete operational
c. Concrete operational
** 58. The child is able to arrange three objects in decreasing length. Piaget calls this concept:
a. accommodation.
b. centration.
c. classification.
seriation
Jerry sorts all the nuts into one pile, the bolts into another, and the washers into a third. Piaget found this operation to be characteristic of what stage of development?
a. Sensorimotor
b. Preoperational
c. Concrete operational
d. Formal operational
60. A student was asked to conjecture as to what conditions would result in more girls choosing to take advanced science and mathematics courses. According to Piaget, students are able to handle this type of question at what stage of development?
a. Sensorimotor
b. Preoperational
c. Concrete operational
d. Formal operational
61. Carrie’s mother gave her three cookies as a snack. “I have only three cookies,” Carrie protested. “I want more cookies.” Her mother then broke the three in half, they counted the six pieces together, and Carrie stopped protesting. Which stage of development is best illustrated by the fact that Carrie stopped protesting?
a. Sensorimotor
b. Preoperational
c. Concrete operational
d. Formal operational
62. A student is able to simplify mathematical expressions that include negative numbers. Which stage of development is best illustrated by the student’s ability?
a. Sensorimotor
b. Preoperational
c. Concrete operational
d. Formal operational
63. Mr. Smith is discussing the question, “What would life be like for us if we were living 100 years from now?” His students deal with the question effectively. Which stage of development is best illustrated by the students’ ability to deal with the question effectively?
a. Sensorimotor
b. Preoperational
c. Concrete operational
d. Formal operational
