invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291

Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam

grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271

cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism

town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar

followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam

bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects

Islamic holy war

Following the 4 Rightly Guided Caliphs; an Islamic dynasty

"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam

tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase

cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism

practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure

merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas

one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c

(570-632); prophet of Allah, founder of Islam

one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c

the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam

nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids

the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community

community of the faithful within Islam

judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history

(570-632); prophet of Allah, founder of Islam

Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West

trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people

the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)

an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance

trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam

personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service

replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China

the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community

cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism

regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies

cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism

smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.

invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England

smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.

succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph

The process of Christian kingdoms reconquering territory held by Islamic governments in Spain medieval time

cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism

Islamic holy war

title of the ruler of Mali

A political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire.

dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad

merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas

mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor

followers of Abu Bakr as the rightful successor

Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency

The period of peace and prosperity from the mid-1200s to the mid 1300s when the Mongols imposed stability and law and order across much of Asia

nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids

followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam

emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia

town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar

dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad

trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam

tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase

The process of Christian kingdoms reconquering territory held by Islamic governments in Spain medieval time

followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence

"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam

Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law

Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants

political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy

followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam

Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula

nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids

an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance

grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271

peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system

The process of Christian kingdoms reconquering territory held by Islamic governments in Spain medieval time

the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam

invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291

Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law

urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar

invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291

the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam

Mystic offshoot of Islam; more focus on individual spiritual experience; spreads into Asia

replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China

central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258

The process of Christian kingdoms reconquering territory held by Islamic governments in Spain medieval time

Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits

(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms

extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions

Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world

born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227

born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227

political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy

Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West

replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China

mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor

began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming

personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service

trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam

Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world

mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor

flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya

Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency

Islamic holy war

the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c

empire in west Africa; capital city was Timbuktu

title of the ruler of Mali

title of the ruler of Mali

followers of Abu Bakr as the rightful successor

One who received land from a lord in return for military service and/or loyalty

the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world

the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c

Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..

flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya

followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence

seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily

urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar

A political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire.

the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c

images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians

political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy

invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291

The process of Christian kingdoms reconquering territory held by Islamic governments in Spain medieval time

military leaders in Japan

commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c

empire in west Africa; capital city was Timbuktu

Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire

"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam

regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies

community of the faithful within Islam

traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan

urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar

the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c

Mongol leader who would conquer Persia, Mesopotamia, parts of Russia and India

seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily

Checks, Bills of Exchange

succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph

Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople

judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history

peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system

Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits

followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam

practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure

cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

title of the ruler of Mali

political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy

followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence

nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids

Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula

personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service

Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency

urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar

mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor

judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history

One who received land from a lord in return for military service and/or loyalty

an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance

mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.

empire in west Africa; capital city was Timbuktu

Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency

bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia

Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits

trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people

traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan

emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia

smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.

extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions

title of the ruler of Mali

One who received land from a lord in return for military service and/or loyalty

Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism

smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.

the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam

peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system

grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236

Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire

smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.

trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people

Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula

the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community

One who received land from a lord in return for military service and/or loyalty

military leaders in Japan

regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies

Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..

an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance

cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism

mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor

merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Song Dynasty is often known as the Chinese Renaissance, because of its similarities to the European renaissance for making progress in technology and inventions, the upcoming of new philosophical interpretations of the old texts meant a renewal of the old and the creation of new streaming

military leaders in Japan

born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227

extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions

smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.

bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.

Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople

leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society

regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies

grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271

Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam

Islamic holy war

title of the ruler of Mali

The process of Christian kingdoms reconquering territory held by Islamic governments in Spain medieval time

invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291

bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia

community of the faithful within Islam

dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad

followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence

smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.

Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants