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WorksheetsPhysical Education Units 3, 4 - Biomechanics
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 57mins
Define biomechanics
The study of the mechanical principles that govern movement
The study of forces that cause motion and result from motion
The study of movement with reference to time, distance, displacement and velocity
A body/objects change in position in relation to time
Define Kinetics
The study of the mechanical principles that govern movement
The study of forces that cause motion and result from motion
The study of movement with reference to time, distance, displacement and velocity
A body/objects change in position in relation to time
Define Kinematics
The study of the mechanical principles that govern movement
The study of forces that cause motion and result from motion
The study of movement with reference to time, distance, displacement and velocity
A body/objects change in position in relation to time
Define Motion
The study of the mechanical principles that govern movement
The study of forces that cause motion and result from motion
The study of movement with reference to time, distance, displacement and velocity
A body/objects change in position in relation to time
What do biomechanics principles contribute to
explanation of moement
description of movement
prediction of movement
repetition of movement
Define Linear Motion
motion that occurs in a straight line or curved path
Motion the occurs when a body/object moves in a circular path
a combination of linear and angular motion
translation
rotation
Define Angular Motion
motion that occurs in a straight line or curved path
Motion the occurs when a body/object moves in a circular path
a combination of linear and angular motion
translation
rotation
Which apply to general motion
motion that occurs in a straight line or curved path
Motion the occurs when a body/object moves in a circular path
a combination of linear and angular motion
A sprinter running in a straight line
rotation
Define force
The quantity of matter found within a particular body
The resistance of a body/object to change its state of motion
An effect on one body that results from the interaction of a second body
the product of mass and acceleration
Define mass
The quantity of matter found within a particular body
The resistance of a body/object to change its state of motion
An effect on one body that results from the interaction of a second body
the product of mass and acceleration
Define inertia
The quantity of matter found within a particular body
The resistance of a body/object to change its state of motion
An effect on one body that results from the interaction of a second body
the product of mass and acceleration
Which apply to static inertia
reluctance of an object to be stopped from a state of motion
reluctance of a heavy object to be moved from a stationary position
Rugby player reluctance to be stopped when running quickly
resistance of weights to be lifted
Which apply to dynamic inertia
reluctance of an object to be stopped from a state of motion
reluctance of a heavy object to be moved from a stationary position
Rugby player reluctance to be stopped when running quickly
resistance of weights to be lifted
Motion can only be produced if ___ is sufficient enough to overcome ___
force, inertia
inertia, force
mass, force
force, mass
Which are external forces
gravity
air resistance
friction
force generated by contraction of muscles
Which are internal forces
gravity
air resistance
friction
force generated by contraction of muscles
Define Animate
living object or body
non-living object or body
Define Inanimate
living object or body
non-living object or body
Define momentum
The quantity of motion an object/body has
The correct timing and sequencing of body parts and muscles
The use of multiple body parts at the same time
The activation of body parts in a sequence
Define force summation
The quantity of motion an object/body has
The correct timing and sequencing of body parts and muscles
The use of multiple body parts at the same time
The activation of body parts in a sequence
Which describe simultaneous force summation
produces precision with power
The correct timing and sequencing of body parts and muscles
The use of multiple body parts at the same time
The activation of body parts in a sequence
produces power
Which describe sequential force summation
produces precision with power
The correct timing and sequencing of body parts and muscles
The use of multiple body parts at the same time
The activation of body parts in a sequence
produces power
Which describe the conservation of momentum
On collision the combined momentum of the two objects stays the same
When a bowling ball hits ten pins it will lose momentum and ten pins will gain momentum resulting in the same amount of momentum between the two objects
A product of the objects moment of inertia and angular velocity
the higher the momentum the harder it is to stop
Define angular momentum
On collision the combined momentum of the two objects stays the same
When a bowling ball hits ten pins it will lose momentum and ten pins will gain momentum resulting in the same amount of momentum between the two objects
A product of the objects moment of inertia and angular velocity
the higher the momentum the harder it is to stop
the higher the ___ and ___ the higher the momentum
acceleration, force
velocity, acceleration
mass, force
mass, velocity
the higher the momentum the ___ it is to stop
harder
easier
What is the equation for momentum
mass (kg) x velocity (m/s)
mass x acceleration
force x time
(wf - wi)/t
What is the equation for angular acceleration
mass (kg) x velocity (m/s)
mass x acceleration
force x time
(wf - wi)/t
What is the equation for impulse
mass (kg) x velocity (m/s)
mass x acceleration
force x time
(wf - wi)/t
What is the equation for force
mass (kg) x velocity (m/s)
mass x acceleration
force x time
(wf - wi)/t
How can an objects moment of inertia be changed
change weight
alter how an object is held
modified equipment
change the performers stance
What is Newtons first law of motion
An object will continue at a state of rest or motion unless acted on by another force
The acceleration of a body is proportional to the force applied to it and inversely proportional to the mass of the object
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
What is Newtons second law of motion
An object will continue at a state of rest or motion unless acted on by another force
The acceleration of a body is proportional to the force applied to it and inversely proportional to the mass of the object
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
What is Newtons third law of motion
An object will continue at a state of rest or motion unless acted on by another force
The acceleration of a body is proportional to the force applied to it and inversely proportional to the mass of the object
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Which apply to Newtons second law of motion
The greater the force applied the faster the acceleration
if the same force is applied to objects of differing mass the lighter object will accelerate faster
The higher the mass the greater inertia and therefor more force is required to overcome its inertia
The greater the impulse the more momentum generated
As mass is doubled, acceleration is ___
halved
doubled
As mass is halved, acceleration is ___
halved
doubled
What is action (newtons third law)
applying force
force produced in equal magnitude and opposite direction
the product of force and time
the total of all angular changes between starting and finishing position
What is reaction (newtons third law)
applying force
force produced in equal magnitude and opposite direction
the product of force and time
the total of all angular changes between starting and finishing position
Define impulse
applying force
force produced in equal magnitude and opposite direction
the product of force and time
the total of all angular changes between starting and finishing position
Which are examples of impulse
Tennis racquet with tight strings will have a smaller amount of time to be in contact with the ball and will have less impulse
cricket pads and bending elbows absorbs the force
50m swim from one end of a pool to another with a distance and displacement of 50m
100m swim from one end of a 50m pool to another and back again with a distance of 100m and displacement of 0m
What is an example of the difference between distance and displacement
Tennis racquet with tight strings will have a smaller amount of time to be in contact with the ball and will have less impulse
cricket pads and bending elbows absorbs the force
50m swim from one end of a pool to another with a distance and displacement of 50m
100m swim from one end of a 50m pool to another and back again with a distance of 100m and displacement of 0m
What is an example of the difference between angular distance and angular displacement
Tennis racquet with tight strings will have a smaller amount of time to be in contact with the ball and will have less impulse
Ten pin bowler rotates their arm 2/3 of a full rotation. Distance is 120 degrees and displacement is 260 degrees between where their arm finishes and starts
Ten pin bowler rotates their arm 2/3 of a full rotation. Distance is 260 degrees and displacement is 120 degrees between where their arm finishes and starts
100m swim from one end of a 50m pool to another and back again with a distance of 100m and displacement of 0m
Define Distance
how much ground an object covers throughout it's motion
objects overall change in position from one point in time to another
the total of all angular changes between starting and finishing position
the difference in degrees between the objects initial and final position
Define displacement
how much ground an object covers throughout it's motion
objects overall change in position from one point in time to another
the total of all angular changes between starting and finishing position
the difference in degrees between the objects initial and final position
Define angular displacement
how much ground an object covers throughout it's motion
objects overall change in position from one point in time to another
the total of all angular changes between starting and finishing position
the difference in degrees between the objects initial and final position
Define angular distance
how much ground an object covers throughout it's motion
objects overall change in position from one point in time to another
the total of all angular changes between starting and finishing position
the difference in degrees between the objects initial and final position
Which define speed
distance covered / time taken
(l/t)
the rate of motion
displacement / time
(d/t)
angular distance / time taken
angular displacement / time taken
What is the equation of velocity
distance covered / time taken
displacement / time
angular distance / time taken
angular displacement / time taken
What is the equation of velocity
distance covered / time taken
(l/t)
displacement / time
angular distance / time taken
(d/t)
angular displacement / time taken
What is the equation of angular speed
distance covered / time taken
displacement / time
angular distance / time taken
angular displacement / time taken
What is the equation of angular velocity
distance covered / time taken
displacement / time
angular distance / time taken
angular displacement / time taken
What is acceleration
rate of velocity change experienced by an object over time
the speed of an object in a given direction
rate of change of angular velocity
a force working against motion
What is velocity
rate of velocity change experienced by an object over time
the speed of an object in a given direction
rate of change of angular velocity
a force working against motion
What is angular acceleration
rate of velocity change experienced by an object over time
the speed of an object in a given direction
rate of change of angular velocity
a force working against motion
What is the equation of angular acceleration
(final velocity - initial velocity) / time
(wf - wi)/t
(final angular velocity - initial angular velocity) / time
(vf - vi)/t
What is the equation of acceleration
(final velocity - initial velocity) / time
(wf - wi)/t
(final angular velocity - initial angular velocity) / time
(vf - vi)/t
if velocity increases ___ will be experienced
positive acceleration
zero acceleration
negative acceleration
deceleration
if velocity does not change, ___ will be experienced
positive acceleration
zero acceleration
negative acceleration
deceleration
if velocity is slower than initial velocity, ___ will be experienced
positive acceleration
zero acceleration
negative acceleration
deceleration
A object becomes ___ when released into the air and is under influence of gravity and air resistance
projectile
drag force
axis
lever
Define air resistance
a force working against motion
acts horizontally on a projectile
forces that cause a projectile to slow down and reduce flight time (therefor reduce distance)
A vertical force working against a projectile to pull it to the ground
Define drag forces
a force working against motion
acts horizontally on a projectile
forces that cause a projectile to slow down and reduce flight time (therefor reduce distance)
A vertical force working against a projectile to pull it to the ground
Define gravity
a force working against motion
acts horizontally on a projectile
forces that cause a projectile to slow down and reduce flight time (therefor reduce distance)
A vertical force working against a projectile to pull it to the ground
What impact does velocity have on a projectiles motion
higher velocity = higher air resistance
lower velocity = higher air resistance
lower mass = greater air resistance
streamlined shapes (eg. ski) have less air resistance
greater surface area = greater resistance
What impact does mass have on a projectiles motion
lower mass = less air resistance
lower velocity = higher air resistance
lower mass = greater air resistance
streamlined shapes (eg. ski) have less air resistance
greater surface area = greater resistance
What impact does shape have on a projectiles motion
streamlined shapes (eg. ski) have more air resistance
lower velocity = higher air resistance
lower mass = greater air resistance
streamlined shapes (eg. ski) have less air resistance
greater surface area = greater resistance
What impact does surface area have on a projectiles motion
streamlined shapes (eg. ski) have more air resistance
lower velocity = higher air resistance
lower mass = greater air resistance
greater surface area = less air resistance
greater surface area = greater air resistance
What impact does the nature of surface area have on a projectiles motion
streamlined shapes (eg. ski) have more air resistance
lower velocity = higher air resistance
smooth surfaces have less drag forces = more air resistance
rough surfaces are slowed more readily
smooth surfaces have less drag forces = less air resistance
The greater force applied to a projectile the greater the ___ and the further it will travel
speed
velocity
acceleration
displacement
Was is the purpose of the optimal angle of release
minimise effects of gravity
minimise effects of air resistance
produce maximal distance of projectile
reduce distance of projectile
increase effects of gravity
If the angle and speed of release are constant, an object released from a higher point will travel ___ than one released from a lower point
further
shorter
longer
higher
What is a lever
A rigid structure that rotates around a fixed point/axis
a turning point
point where force is applied
weight of object/body trying to be moved
What is the axis component of a lever
A rigid structure that rotates around a fixed point/axis
a turning point
point where force is applied
weight of object/body trying to be moved
What is the force component of a lever
A rigid structure that rotates around a fixed point/axis
a turning point
point where force is applied
weight of object/body trying to be moved
What is the resistance component of a lever
A rigid structure that rotates around a fixed point/axis
a turning point
point where force is applied
weight of object/body trying to be moved
What is a first class lever
axis is the central component that separates force and resistance
resistance is the central component that separates axis and force
force is the central component that separates axis and resistance
force arm / resistance arm
What is a second class lever
axis is the central component that separates force and resistance
resistance is the central component that separates axis and force
force is the central component that separates axis and resistance
force arm / resistance arm
What is a third class lever
axis is the central component that separates force and resistance
resistance is the central component that separates axis and force
force is the central component that separates axis and resistance
force arm / resistance arm
What is an example of a first class lever
see-saw (axis in the middle force and resistance either side)
Wheelbarrow (wheel is axis, load is resistance and lifting is force)
standing on the balls of your feet
fishing (the fish is resistance, force is applied, reel is axis)
head and neck
What is an example of a second class lever
see-saw (axis in the middle force and resistance either side)
Wheelbarrow (wheel is axis, load is resistance and lifting is force)
standing on the balls of your feet
fishing (the fish is resistance, force is applied, reel is axis)
head and neck
What is an example of a third class lever
see-saw (axis in the middle force and resistance either side)
Wheelbarrow (wheel is axis, load is resistance and lifting is force)
standing on the balls of your feet
fishing (the fish is resistance, force is applied, reel is axis)
striking an object
force arm
distance between force and axis
distance between axis and resistance
force arm/resistance arm
refers to a balance of forces or influence
resistance arm
distance between force and axis
distance between axis and resistance
force arm/resistance arm
refers to a balance of forces or influence
what is the equation of mechanical advantage
distance between force and axis
distance between axis and resistance
force arm/resistance arm
refers to a balance of forces or influence
Define equilibrium
state where a body is in motion with a constant velocity
refers to the degree to which a body resists changing its equilibrium
state where a body/object has zero velocity and zero acceleration
refers to a balance of forces or influences
Define static equilibrium
state where a body is in motion with a constant velocity
refers to the degree to which a body resists changing its equilibrium
state where a body/object has zero velocity and zero acceleration
refers to a balance of forces or influences
Define dynamic equilibrium
state where a body is in motion with a constant velocity
refers to the degree to which a body resists changing its equilibrium
state where a body/object has zero velocity and zero acceleration
refers to a balance of forces or influences
Define stability
state where a body is in motion with a constant velocity
refers to the degree to which a body resists changing its equilibrium
state where a body/object has zero velocity and zero acceleration
refers to a balance of forces or influences
A body/object is in equilibrium when sum of all forces are ___
zero
positive
negative
Define balance
being in control of a body/objects equilibrium whilst moving
Being in control of a body/objects equilibrium whilst stationary
The ability to control the state of equilibrium
central point of an object, which all of its weight is evenly distributed and balanced
Define static balance
being in control of a body/objects equilibrium whilst moving
Being in control of a body/objects equilibrium whilst stationary
The ability to control the state of equilibrium
central point of an object, which all of its weight is evenly distributed and balanced
Define dynamic balance
being in control of a body/objects equilibrium whilst moving
Being in control of a body/objects equilibrium whilst stationary
The ability to control the state of equilibrium
central point of an object, which all of its weight is evenly distributed and balanced
Define centre of gravity (COG)
being in control of a body/objects equilibrium whilst moving
Being in control of a body/objects equilibrium whilst stationary
The ability to control the state of equilibrium
central point of an object, which all of its weight is evenly distributed and balanced
Define line of gravity
an imaginary line which passes through the centre of gravity and continues down into the centre of an objects base of support
area of an object that is in contact with the surface supporting it
rotation of an object caused by torque (moment of force) where two equal eccentric forces are applied in two opposing directions
area of an object that is in contact with the air around it
Define base of support
an imaginary line which passes through the centre of gravity and continues down into the centre of an objects base of support
area of an object that is in contact with the surface supporting it
rotation of an object caused by torque (moment of force) where two equal eccentric forces are applied in two opposing directions
area of an object that is in contact with the air around it
Define spin
an imaginary line which passes through the centre of gravity and continues down into the centre of an objects base of support
area of an object that is in contact with the surface supporting it
rotation of an object caused by torque (moment of force) where two equal eccentric forces are applied in two opposing directions
area of an object that is in contact with the air around it
The more ___ an object the harder it is to move
stable
unstable
lighter
heavier
How to increase stability and balance
lower objects centre of gravity
increase size of base support
increase friction
decrease friction
increase mass
How to decrease stability and balance to promote agility
raise objects centre of gravity
narrow the base of support
increase friction
decrease friction
decrease mass
