based on social aspects of URBAN SPACE, which refers to the meanings/ meaning/ meanings/ joints that various housing spaces have in the social life, for different people and different interaction situations.

A - physical components of shelter and infrastructure
B - services to which the physical elements provide support, that is, community services such as education, health, culture, welfare, recreation, and nutrition.

focused on environmental factors

TRADITIONAL FORMS OF HOUSING HAVE THESE MAIN INFLUENCES

PRIMITIVE BUILDINGS ARE DEVELOPED INTO PRE-INDUSTRIAL VERNACULAR BUILDINGS BY

spaces are very basic and multi-purpose as there is little specialization of social and economic activities share internal and external space together

predominantly dwellings, with some religious buildings, chief's houses, and storehouses or granaries

differentiation of space occurs within, outside, and between buildings.

predominance of dwellings continues - both in urban and rural

existence of specialized production-related buildings and monumental building forms begin to assume important

is important in creation of built form, but cultural aspects are arguably more important,

important both physically and culturally

More specifically in relation to siting of buildings, ________ has been used to explain dense urban patterns of settlement, however social preferences for collective living may be as important a factor

Arguably not the determinant

human beings endow built form with a spiritual aspect which is a uniquely human expression.

is of great importance, but these do not in themselves determine built form as similar

The different forms taken by dwellings are a complex phenomenon for which A SINGLE explanation will suffice.

Housing and Human Settlements are a primarily a social institution, created for a complex set of purposes and functions, not just a physical structure.

Housing and Human Settlements are associated with Religious and cultural ceremonies

Basic consideration – terrain, water supply, wind and sun orientation, safety, place for a fire, granary

trading and transport

power and authority + defenses and security

Valleys of the Nile, the Tigris and Euphrates, Indus and Hwang Ho where the first cities appeared

35,000 residents
Grid pattern
Water closets
Sewerage systems
Paved streets and windows

Earliest building codes specifying structural integrity in housing construction found in the Code of Hammurabi

Predominance of abbeys and cathedrals indicating church influence

Many towns with less than 10,000 residents; Few times more than 12 miles because of water consideration

Florence had 10,000 inhabitants
Venice became trading center of Byzantine empire
Paris emerged as trading center

The rise of centralized monarchies and transatlantic trade tended to concentrate growth around the royal court (seat of government) or the port as the focus of trade

Aesthetics as the basic form of planning
Established concept of urban design
Beauty, form, and function combined

Characterized by square pattern of plans with housing consisting of small apartments for masses and with atrium for the rich

Ideal Cities - star shaped plans with street radiating from a central point, usually for a church, palace or castle

French-American engineer who prepared Plan for Washington D.C.

Formal placement of palace, church or civic building (dominant structure)

Radiating street with focal points Streets provide a unified facade for grand processions

Imposition of Baroque pattern of radiating avenues on a gridiron plan for Washington DC

massive migration of workers who lived in sheds, railroad yards, factory cellars, w/out sanitation facilities and water supply

Approx. 30% of Britain’s housing was publicly subsidized compared to 1%-2% in the US.

Britain also constructed new towns/ community developments in contrast to the US.

Federal funds directed almost entirely at people with lower incomes. The government provides assistance to provinces and municipalities and individuals, to be used for neighborhood improvement, the purchase of homes, the rehabilitation of residential housing, and the development of new communities.

lived to the east and west of the imperial palace. The large siheyuan [courtyard] of these high-ranking officials and wealthy merchants often featured beautifully carved and painted roof beams, pillars, and carefully landscaped gardens.

The Neighborhood unit idea is very pragmatic: certain services which are provided everyday for groups of population who can’t or do not travel far, should be provided an accessible central place for a small community within walking distance

The first Garden City

they formed were orderly, lined by spacious homes and walled gardens.

Golders Green in North-West London

NOTHING GAINED BY OVERCROWDING by Raymond Unwin consist of these principles

The New York Regional Plan (1920) great multi-volume plan, prepared wholly by a voluntary organization is one of the milestones of 20th century planning

Christopher Alexander’s “A City is Not a Tree” suggested

He developed his own version of the garden city. These include many key components of modernist city planning as well as what would become standard planning practice for suburban development

cul-de-sac; specialized roadways and separation of vehicular and pedestrian traffic and the neighborhood unit with an elementary school at its center

Coined the term ‘conurbation’ which describes a region with number of cities and with growing towns and suburbs

“Human Ecology” - the relationship between man and his environment. – led to a systematic study of the forces that were shaping growth and change in modern cities

Together with PGF Le Play, they came up with the so called Place – Work – Folk Triad.

Wrote “The Death and Life of Great American Cities” as one of the most influential books in planning

JANE JACOBS argued that there is nothing wrong with high urban densities of people so long as they do not entail overcrowding in buildings.

JANE JACOBS prescribed that neighborhoods should have mixed functions and, therefore, land uses to ensure that people were there for different purposes, on different time schedules, but using many facilities in common.

Consolidation of settlements into “sitio-barrio-poblacion-cabecera system”

Manila at the center with pockets of economic, political and cultural center in the countryside