The ability to carry out actions or policies within a territory independently from external actors or internal riots.

(a)  

Territorial state embodied by its culturally distinctive population.

(a)  

A people with a single language, a common history, and a similar background.

(a)  

Voluntary association in economic, political, or cultural spheres of three or more independent states willing to yield some measure of sovereignty for their mutual benefit.

(a)  

Shared values, race, religion, and language can all comprise ______ _____.

(a)  

European boundary ends and Russia begins. Ural Mountains are used sometimes as a boundary.

(a)  

Invention of steam engine led to a massive increase in production. Diffused eastward from Britain to the European mainland to Russia. Workers lived and worked in unhealthy and dangerous conditions.

(a)  

Forces that threaten national unity by dividing a state. 

(a)  

Forces that unify those within a country.

(a)  

Powerful centrifugal forces whereby regions or people within a state (through negotiations or active rebellion) demand and gain political strength and sometimes autonomy at the expense of the center. 

(a)  

Liberty and equality. Rejection of hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy, and divine right of kings. Republics (elected leadership) became more common.

(a)  

A sovereign state with a very small population or land area. 

(a)  

Cities with a significant portion of the population.

(a)  

Transferring a shipment from one form of transportation to another. 

(a)  

Zone of persistent splintering and fracturing.

(a)  

Hills and plateaus, along with raw materials.

(a)  

Heart of Iberian Peninsula.

(a)  

Historical migrations, major rivers, and major cities.

(a)  

Legal workers from outside the country to fulfill temporary workers needs.

(a)  

People that flee because of war, violent social unrest, or discrimination.

(a)  

People that fear violent persecution if they remain in their home countries. 

(a)  

International boundaries are open (no identification required).

(a)  

Radical authoritarian nationalism characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and control of industry and commerce.

(a)  

1939-1945. 60 million deaths in 6 years (3% of global population). Terror, brutality, and inhumanity in highly developed “advanced” societies fueled by prejudice, hate, and racism. 

(a)  

1945-1991. Capitalism against communism.

(a)  

All property and industry is publicly owned and everyone is paid equally/according to their needs. 

(a)  

Separated western europe from countries controlled by the USSR (Soviets/Russia). 

(a)  

(a)   is the Czech Republic's capital and primate city. 

Remote, isolated, challenging environment with the populated areas in the south, though a high HDI.

(a)  

Free trade across borders, abolish protectionist policies, harmonize laws, political cooperation, single currency (Euro), and the transfer of specific powers from national governments to the (a)   .

Money goes towards healthcare, assisting parenting responsibilities, free/low-cost higher education, affordable housing, and pension benefits. 

(a)  

One area produces a surplus of a commodity required by another area.

(a)  

Ease with which a commodity can be transported by producer to consumer. 

(a)  

Countries that use the Euro.

(a)  

ffluent countries pay to support much poorer eastern states. Bailed out poor countries must accept cuts in services, benefits, etc. Financial problems in Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Italy, France, the Netherlands, and Spain. 

(a)  

46 million people. Madrid is the capital and the economic transition zone. Economic growth had been increasing since the 1970s democratic reform, though a decline in economic growth began in 2008 during the recession, and the country has not recovered. Decentralized administrative, devolutionary pressures. 

(a)  

Strongest economy in the Mediterranean. Progressive North (Milan). Stagnant South with Rome (capital and cultural focus). The economy has been slow to recover from recession, and there is an accelerating flow of migrants (economic immigrants and refugees fleeing violence). 

(a)  

11 million citizens. One of the ancient world’s greatest civilizations. Financial crisis after a recession that has required EU loans and a bailout, as well as austerity measures. Refugee immigration has become very common, though it is controversial.

(a)  

Divided West and East after the World Wars. Reunified in the 90s. The East is still less wealthy with unemployment rates twice as high as in the West. Currently Europe’s largest economy and most populated country.

(a)  

67 million population. Paris is the primate city. Coastlines on Mediterranean, North Sea, and Atlantic. Productive agriculture and a diversified economy. Rapidly aging population.

(a)  

Joint name for Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.

(a)  

Major secessionist movement.

(a)  

65 million population. England houses London and is known for finance, high tech, communications, engineering and the recent Brexit. Wales houses the Celtic peoples and the Welsh Assembly.

(a)  

Famous for shipbuilding and has oil and gas under the North Sea. There was also a referendum in 2014 for full independence but only had 45% support.

(a)  

Partially Protestant (from British), and partially Roman Catholic (from Irish). Celtic Tiger was a massive economic development in the early 2000s, though later on the EU had to bail them out during the recession. 

(a)  

A massive economic development during the early 2000s in Ireland.

(a)  

Landlocked. Alps Mountains. Did not join the EU. Highly specialized industries, agriculture, and world banking. Stable, secure, and neutral.

(a)  

Largest country territorially in Europe. Important relative location. Huge producer of wheat and agricultural products. 

(a)  

A struggle to promote Islamic revivalism, often with the threat of or actual use of force. Susceptibility among some disaffected youth of North African Descent. Promises a robust identity and promotes power through terrorism. 

(a)  

Far-right white supremacist or white separatist ideology often focusing on the alleged inferiority of nonwhites. 

(a)  

Russian takeover of Ukrainian peninsula. 

(a)  

Recurrent division and fragmentation of a region.

(a)  

The exclusion of religious ideologies from government or public activities.

(a)  

A realm dominated by a major political entity by either its territorial or population size. 

(a)  

 Inland climatic environments are more extreme. Usually caused remotely from moderating and moistening oceans. 

(a)  

A biome characterized by very cold temperatures and limited tree growth.

(a)  

Coniferous, snow-capped forests. 

(a)  

Ground moisture is permanently frozen. 

(a)  

Nuclear meltdown. Radiation still permeates nearby areas. 

(a)  

Used to be the 4th largest lake, though it has almost disappeared due to the Soviet era and post-Soviet diverting of water away from it. 

(a)  

When the capital of a country is relocated to play to some advantage (usually economic). 

(a)  

Non-Russian groups give up their ethnic and linguistic identity and adopt the Russian culture and language. 

(a)  

The production, prices of goods, and wages received by workers is set by the government.

(a)  

A country that is still partially controlled by a foreign power. 

(a)  

Landlocked and autocratic. Partially sustained by the transit of energy supplies from Russia to the European core. Absorbed 70% of radiation from Chernobyl. Thoroughly Russified. Used as a buffer state. Rigged election caused massive protests. 

(a)  

The generalized name of the region containing Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan.

(a)  

Places that are not Russia, but are close enough that Russia “reserves the right” to intervene if necessary. 

(a)  

A trade corridor to reopen channels between China and its western allies. 

(a)  

Elected in 2000, and has not left office since. Opposition leader on trial, intimidation of media, blocks LGBT and women’s rights, punk band jailed, supports Assad in Syria, environmental activists jailed, mocks “American exceptionalism”, and annexed Crimea. 

(a)  

Economic restructuring. Starting to allow trade with other countries.

(a)  

Political openness. 

(a)  

Railroad that connects Western Russia to the rest. Most dependable form of transportation in Russia. 

(a)  

Muslim countries with geographic significance to Russia. Failed guerilla insurgency. Russia maintains a strong military presence. Terrorist attacks continue and are linked to global terrorism.

(a)  

Treeless, grassless plains.

(a)