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CLASS REVISION

Total questions: 164

Worksheet time: 1hrs 22mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Which statement best describes the term 'procedure'?

a)

A series of sequential steps for each specific activity.

b)

A general guideline for making decisions

c)

An instruction that can change overtime.

d)

(a) A statement that includes what we can and cannot do.

2.

When a manager is a 'Resource Allocator', he or she is playing ______________role.

a)

information

b)

decisional

c)

interpersonal

d)

all of the above

3.

Which of the following statement describes the legal environment in which an organization operates?

a)

The Safety and Health Act states that workers must wear helmets while workings in construction sites.

b)

Changing needs and wants of the customers.

c)

Rapid and unrelenting changes in technology.

d)

Customers are getting more demanding.

4.

Pay is generally considered a/an ____________reward, while a sense of personal growth experienced from working at a task is an example of a/an ______________

a)

extrinsic, skill-based

b)

skill-based, intrinsic

c)

extrinsic, intrinsic reward

d)

absolute, comparative

5.

Decoding is the process through which the receiver___________________ the message. .

a)

repeats

b)

interrupt

c)

avoids

d)

translates

6.

Managers who are responsible for making decisions that affect the whole organizations are mainly _______

a)

first line managers

b)

middle managers

c)

operatives

d)

top managers

7.

The mental ability to analyze and visualize complex situations is ___________________

a)

technical skills

b)

human skills

c)

organizational skills

d)

conceptual skills

8.

Management is ____________________

a)

doing everything

b)

doing nothing

c)

getting things done through others

d)

doing something

9.

Employees who are called 'Project Manager' fall under _____________level of managers.

a)

first line managers

b)

top level managers

c)

middle line managers

d)

lower level managers

10.

“Division of work” refers to _________________

a)

Compensation

b)

specialization

c)

unity of direction

d)

unity of command

11.

The last step in problem solving and decision making is to ______________________

a)

identify the causes

b)

monitor and review

c)

evaluate the choices

d)

allocate weights to decision criteria

12.

Frederick Taylor is the 'Father of Scientific Management'. His principles of Scientific Management lead to ___

a)

improvement in human skills

b)

increase in labour turnover

c)

increase in labour unrest

d)

improvement in productivity efficiency

13.

The Hawthorne Studies was initially conducted to ascertain ______________

a)

the effect of group behavior on productivity

b)

the effect of salary on productivity

c)

the effect of illumination on productivity

d)

the effect of work experience on productivity

14.

Formulating appropriate goals and strategies is a ________________function.

a)

organizing

b)

leading

c)

planning

d)

controlling

15.

The Father of Bureaucracy is ___________________

a)

Henri Fayol

b)

Max Weber

c)

Frederick Taylor

d)

Adam Smith

16.

The process of monitoring, comparing, and correcting is called _________________

a)

Planning

b)

Organising

c)

Leading

d)

Controlling

17.

When a manager presents information to external agencies and groups, he is acting as a ______________

a)

resource allocator

b)

spokesperson

c)

Entrepreneur

d)

disturbance handler

18.

__________________is about influencing workers and motivating them to perform their tasks.

a)

Planning

b)

Leading

c)

Organizing

d)

Controlling

19.

Effectiveness is ____________________

a)

'doing things right'

b)

'doing right things'

c)

'don't do things'

d)

'plan and do'

20.

________________gives us 14 Principles of Management.

a)

Douglas McGregor

b)

Henri Fayol

c)

Abraham Maslow

d)

David McClelland

21.

Three basic skills of managers in organizations are ________________________

a)

strategic, tactical, operational

b)

conceptual, human, technical

c)

informational, interpersonal, decisional

d)

plan, organize, lead, control

22.

First line managers are also known as ______________

a)

project managers

b)

heads of departments

c)

vice presidents

d)

supervisors

23.

Autocratic style of leadership uses ________________ communication.

a)

One-way

b)

two-way

c)

three-way

d)

four-way

24.

The first link in the management function is __________________

a)

controlling

b)

leading

c)

planning

d)

organizing

25.

According to Peter Drucker, ________________rather than efficiency is essential to business.

a)

deficiency

b)

sufficiency

c)

effectiveness

d)

none of the above

26.

Work specialization is also known as _____________________

a)

Departmentalisation

b)

span of control

c)

chain of command

d)

division of labour

27.

________________leaders highlight inter-personal relationships and managers show personal interest in meeting the needs of the followers.

a)

Initiating structured

b)

Consideration

c)

Democratic

d)

Open-minded

28.

'Management functions' is also known as _____________________

a)

management process

b)

management roles

c)

management skills

d)

management hierarchy

29.

Scientific Management stresses the importance of a scientific approach for an individual's work. An example is ____________________

a)

The application of time and motion studies

b)

Relocation of a factory to a new site

c)

Adding more workers to do a piece of work

d)

When a manager empowers his workers

30.

'Identifying and grouping tasks' is called as ________________

a)

organizing

b)

controlling

c)

planning

d)

leading

31.

Frederick Taylor's scientific approach to management was concerned with ______________

a)

worker's efficiency

b)

worker's absenteeism

c)

worker's effectiveness

d)

worker's personality

32.

When a manager has a wide span of control, he controls _______________

a)

computers

b)

technology

c)

equipment

d)

people

33.

Which of the following best describes the legal environment?

a)

Customers

b)

Suppliers

c)

Occupational Safety and Health Act

d)

Pressure groups

34.

An individual who works with and through other people by coordinating their work activities in order to accomplish organizational goal is ______________

a)

an assembly line worker

b)

a manager

c)

a subordinate

d)

a salesperson

35.

The 'degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making' is called ________________

a)

decentralisation

b)

equity

c)

scalar chain

d)

centralisation

36.

The 'art of getting things done through other people' is called ____________________

a)

efficiency

b)

management

c)

effectiveness

d)

goals

37.

Management is 'getting things done through ______________'

a)

people

b)

materials

c)

computers

d)

machines

38.

Resolving conflicts in an organization falls under __________________function.

a)

planning

b)

leading

c)

organizing

d)

controlling

39.

When top managers make all the key decisions with minimal or no involvement from the lower level staff, it is called _________________

a)

centralisation

b)

departmentalization

c)

decentralization

d)

differentiation

40.

The supervisor is a ______________ manager.

a)

top

b)

first-line

c)

strategic

d)

middle

41.

A manager plays _____________________role when he acts as a 'monitor'.

a)

paternal

b)

interpersonal

c)

decisional

d)

informational

42.

'Doing right things' is called __________________

a)

Efficiency => doing things right

b)

management

c)

effectiveness

d)

planning

43.

Which level of Maslow's hierarchy encompasses the need for personal growth, self-fulfillment, and realizing one's full potential?

a)

Safety needs

b)

Belongingness

c)

Self-actualisation needs

d)

Physiological needs

44.

When a manager in MDIS controls many workers, it is known as _________________span of control.

a)

Narrow

b)

specific

c)

general

d)

wide

45.

Job-specific knowledge and techniques needed to proficiently perform specific tasks are _________

a)

interpersonal skills

b)

human Skills

c)

conceptual skills

d)

technical Skills

46.

Monitoring, comparing and correcting performance is called _________________

a)

organizing

b)

controlling

c)

planning

d)

leading

47.

Which of the following is an example of noise in communication?

a)

Thinking about the party you attended last night while sitting in a lecture.

b)

Adding your contact information at the end of an e-mail message.

c)

Leaving a message on the answering machine when you cannot reach someone.

d)

Sending unsolicited sales messages to prospects.

48.

___________________is when a sender deliberately manipulates information so that it will be seen more favourably the receiver.

a)

Filtering

b)

Selective perception

c)

Jargon

d)

Information overload

49.

Which of the following is an example of oral report?

a)

Sales report

b)

Monthly staff meeting

c)

Email attachments

d)

None of the above

50.

According to Maslow which of the following needs must be met first before an individual can focus on self-esteem needs?

a)

Physiological needs

b)

Safety needs

c)

Belongingness needs

d)

Self-actualisation needs

51.

First line managers are also known as ______________

a)

project managers

b)

heads of departments

c)

vice presidents

d)

supervisors

52.

'Chief Financial Officer' falls under _______________level of managers.

a)

first line managers

b)

top Level managers

c)

middle line managers

d)

lower level managers

53.

When subordinates involved in decisions with minimal or no involvement from the management, it is called …

a)

centralisation

b)

departmentalization

c)

decentralization

d)

differentiation

54.

The Hawthorne experiment revealed that ________________

a)

human factor plays a significant part in motivation.

b)

technology is important

c)

goals are important

d)

none of the above

55.

Special interest groups that attempt to influence the practices of organizations are known as ____________

a)

pressure groups

b)

interest groups

c)

social groups

d)

work groups

56.

Analysis of the technological factor is done in the ______________environment.

a)

operating

b)

task

c)

general

d)

micro

57.

Frederic Taylor felt that a _______________pay system will improve worker's performance.

a)

piece-rate

b)

fixed-rate

c)

standard

d)

flexible

58.

When an organization's obligation that goes beyond what is required by law." Then the company is engaging (tham gia) in __________________

a)

customer responsibility

b)

shareholder responsibility

c)

social responsibility

d)

organizational responsibility

59.

Factors that enhance job satisfaction are called ___________________

a)

motivators

b)

situational

c)

hygiene (vệ sinh)

d)

contingency

60.

The Two-factor Theory of motivation was developed by ____________________

a)

Douglas McGregor

b)

Frederic Herzberg

c)

Abraham Maslow

d)

Kurt Lewin

61.

Social responsibility is defined as an organization's obligation that goes beyond (vượt xa)what is required by________

a)

the organization

b)

the managers

c)

law

d)

the directors

62.

Which of the following is not a feature of Max Weber's Bureaucracy Model?

a)

Specialisation of labour

b)

Formal rules and regulations

c)

Well-defined hierarchy

d)

Span of control

63.

"Division of labour" refers to _________________

a)

unity of people

b)

unity of command

c)

unity of direction

d)

specialisation

64.

According to Frederick Taylor, __________________is the primary motivator.

a)

money

b)

status

c)

work safety

d)

freedom at work

65.

In Maslow's "Need Hierarchy theory" the top higher order need is _________________

a)

self-actualization

b)

social

c)

esteem

d)

physiological

66.

Who developed the Hierarchy of Needs motivational theory?

a)

Henri Fayol

b)

Maslow

c)

Frederick Taylor

d)

Elton Mayo

67.

The scientific approach to management focuses on ______________

a)

quality

b)

individual efficiency and productivity

c)

individualism

d)

collectivism

68.

The classical approach to management in organisations focuses on ___________________

a)

centralized authority

b)

incentives to optimize productivity

c)

labour specialization

d)

all of the above

69.

Physiological need basically refers to the __________________

a)

bodily needs

b)

esteem and prestige

c)

security and protection

d)

acceptance and friendship

70.

According to Maslow, "achieving one's potential" refers to ______________________

a)

Social needs

b)

Esteem needs

c)

Safety needs

d)

Self-actualization needs

71.

Industry changes resulting from changes in laws and regulations are called _______________

a)

economic forces

b)

international forces

c)

socio-cultural forces

d)

political and legal forces

72.

Theory X and Theory Y were given by __________________

a)

Abraham Maslow

b)

Douglas McGregor

c)

Frederick Herzberg

d)

Henri Fayol

73.

A production worker's performance will be measured based on ________________

a)

profitability target

b)

sales target

c)

market position target

d)

product output

74.

Communicating without words or with the body is known as _______________communication

a)

non-verbal

b)

verbal

c)

one-ways

d)

two-ways

75.

The willingness(sự sẵng sàng) to exert(nỗ lực) high levels of efforts to reach organizational goals is called _____________

a)

recognition

b)

organization

c)

achievement

d)

motivation

76.

Analysis of customers is done in the ___________________business environment.

a)

specific

b)

general

c)

operating

d)

both (b) and (c)

77.

According to McGregor, a manager who believes that workers need to be closely supervised is a _____

a)

Theory X Manager

b)

Theory Z manager

c)

Theory Y Manager

d)

None of the above

78.

The intrinsic(nội tại) factors that create job satisfaction are called ____________________

a)

considerations

b)

motivators

c)

hygiene factors

d)

satisfaction

79.

Scientific Management led to ___________________

a)

improvement in interpersonal relationship

b)

more workers getting promoted to senior level

c)

decline in labour turnover

d)

Improvement in production efficiency

80.

Managers who believe that employees like work come under __________________

a)

Theory Y

b)

Theory Z

c)

Theory X

d)

Theory A

81.

The process through which the receiver translates the message is called ________________

a)

encoding

b)

decoding

c)

noise

d)

feedback

82.

By reducing the number of levels in an organization, _________________can be reduced.

a)

selective perception

b)

filtering

c)

defensiveness

d)

none of the above

83.

The need for food, shelter and clothing refers to the ______________ need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

a)

Social

b)

Esteem

c)

Physiological

d)

Safety

84.

When receivers of information, hear and sees according to their needs based on their experience and background. This is called ___________________

a)

information overload

b)

defensiveness

c)

filtering

d)

seclect perception

85.

An individual's need to become what he is capable of being refers to___________________

a)

social needs

b)

esteem needs

c)

safety needs

d)

self-actualization needs

86.

Which of the following is a hygiene factor?

a)

Recognition

b)

Growth Motivator

c)

Company policy

d)

Achievement

87.

Which of the following is not an example of a general environment factor?

a)

Political-legal

b)

Technology

c)

Economic

d)

Suppliers

88.

According to Abraham Maslow, a (an) _________________need motivates.

a)

Satisfied

b)

Clear

c)

Unsatisfied

d)

Stated

89.

The transfer of information that leads to an understanding is known as _______________

a)

feedback

b)

encoding

c)

perception

d)

communication

90.

Which statement does not describe theory Y?

a)

Employees like work

b)

They have minimal ambitions

c)

They seek and accept responsibility

d)

They exercise self-control

91.

_________________is a barrier to effective communication.

a)

Listening

b)

Clarifying

c)

noise

d)

paraphrasing

92.

The "general environmental forces" is also called __________________

a)

customers

b)

macro-environment (vĩ mô)

c)

suppliers

d)

micro environment (vi mô)

93.

Which of the following best describe Theory X?

a)

Employees enjoy their work

b)

They will try to avoid responsibilities

c)

They may ask for more work if they are underutilized

d)

They do not require close supervision

94.

Pay is generally considered a/an ____________reward, while a sense of personal growth experienced from working at a task is an example of a/an ______________

a)

Extrinsic , skill-based

b)

skill-based, intrinsic reward

c)

skill-based, intrinsic

d)

absolute, comparative

95.

Managers in handling well-structured problems use _____________decision.

a)

Non-programmed

b)

Routine

c)

programmed

d)

simple

96.

_____________is not a barrier to effective interpersonal communication.

a)

Filtering

b)

Emotion

c)

language

d)

feedback

97.

___________is the control element in communication which verifies whether understanding has been achieved.

a)

Message

b)

Encoding

c)

Feedback

d)

Decoding

98.

____________is a situation where the information that is being received exceeds one's ability to process.

a)

Information overload

b)

Defensiveness

c)

Select perception

d)

Filtering

99.

Using the scientific method to determine the 'one best way' for a job to be done is known as __________

a)

organizational behavior

b)

general administrative theory

c)

scientific management

d)

quantitative approach

100.

Which of the following is an example of oral communication?

a)

Letters

b)

Reports

c)

Weekly department meeting

d)

Minutes of meeting

101.

Which of the following is an example of a general environmental factor?

a)

Customers

b)

Employees

c)

Competitors

d)

Political-legal

102.

A ________________identifies a series of sequential steps for each specific activity.

a)

Rule

b)

Policy

c)

Proceduce

d)

Method

103.

______________________and employees' recognition schemes are aimed at meeting esteem needs.

a)

Colleagues (đồng nghiệp)

b)

Job title

c)

Job security

d)

Physical safety

104.

Informal groups are formed due to the need for ________________

a)

Fame

b)

Social contact

c)

Wealth

d)

Career development

105.

In management, Centralization-Decentralization refers to _________________

a)

technology management

b)

conflict management

c)

decision making

d)

process management

106.

Which is the last step in the decision making process?

a)

Identify the problem

b)

Monitor/Evaluate

c)

Implement

d)

Analyze each alternative

107.

When jobs are grouped on the basis of customers, it is known as ______________departmentalization.

a)

functional

b)

geographic

c)

process

d)

customer

108.

Programmed decisions are usually made with ________________problems.

a)

difficult

b)

well-structured

c)

Ill-structured

d)

Complex

109.

An effective chain of command should have an employee reporting to __________________

a)

More than one supervisor

b)

One supervisor

c)

Supervisors from different departments

d)

None of the above

110.

_______________describes the degree to which tasks in a firm are divided into steps.

a)

Work specialisation

b)

Span of control

c)

Decentralisation

d)

Integration

111.

Early theories of leadership focused on __________________

a)

Situational leadership

b)

Contingency theories and Charismatic leaders

c)

Traits theories and Behavioural theories

d)

Transformational theories

112.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a non-programmed decision?

a)

The solution is custom-made

b)

Decisions have no precedent (tiền tệ)

c)

Non-programmed decisions are more difficult than programmed decisions

d)

A systematic procedure, rule or policy becomes the basis in making decisions

113.

Most organizations use the _________________form of departmentalization.

a)

customer

b)

product

c)

geographic

d)

functional

114.

A leadership style where authority is centralized at the top level and subordinates simply follow instructions is called ________________

a)

Democratic (dân chủ)

b)

laissez-faire (tự do king doanh)

c)

Autocratic (chuyên quyền)

d)

None of the above

115.

In today's organizations, the trend is towards a ______________span of control.

a)

mechanic

b)

organic

c)

narrow

d)

wide

116.

What do you understand by the term 'span of control'?

a)

A worker responsibility

b)

A manager's authority

c)

The number of employees a manager can manage efficiently and effectively

d)

Autonomy at the workplace

117.

The breakdown of jobs into narrow and repetitive tasks is known as_________________

a)

division of manpower

b)

division of labour

c)

division of tasks

d)

division of job

118.

___________________is a situation where an employee reports to one supervisor.

a)

Decentralization

b)

Specialization

c)

Unity of command

d)

Centralization

119.

Production oriented leaders focus on the _______________aspects of the job.

a)

Non-technical

b)

human

c)

Technical

d)

social

120.

Autocratic Style of leadership uses ______________communication

a)

one-way

b)

three-way

c)

two-way

d)

four-way

121.

An example of an oral report is through ________________

a)

Observation

b)

Email

c)

Telephone calls

d)

none of the above

122.

One of the dimensions identified by the 'Ohio State Study' in leadership is _______________

a)

Consideration

b)

Production orientation

c)

Employee orientation

d)

Selling

123.

A _____________is defined as someone who can influence others and who 'has managerial authority'.

a)

manager

b)

shareholder

c)

supplier

d)

leader

124.

The management function that involves working with and through people to accomplish organizational goals is known as ________________

a)

planning

b)

leading

c)

organizing

d)

controlling

125.

The Trait theory of leadership attempts to use certain ______________to identify a leader.

a)

behaviour

b)

habits

c)

characteristics

d)

environmental factors

126.

Which of the following is not a reason for managers to use team?

a)

Increases flexibility

b)

Teams encourage innovation

c)

Increases performance standards

d)

Teams enable senior members to dominate

127.

Which of the following is an advantage of group decision making?

a)

Groups provide more information

b)

More alternatives / possible solutions are generated

c)

Greater understanding of the problem and need for solution

d)

All of the above.

128.

The Ohio State Studies was conducted to find out the most important behaviours of effective __________

a)

Followers

b)

peers

c)

Leaders

d)

Shareholders

129.

________________ control takes place while the activity is being performed.

a)

Feedback

b)

Concurrent

c)

Feed-forward

d)

Monetary

130.

The Behavioural Theory of leadership states that leaders are _______________

a)

born

b)

born and made

c)

made

d)

none of the above

131.

When a Supervisor in NTUC fairprice controls many workers, it is known as ____________span of control.

a)

narrow

b)

general

c)

wide

d)

specific

132.

The process of monitoring, comparing and correcting work performance is known as ____________

a)

Organizing

b)

Leading

c)

Coordinating

d)

Controlling

133.

Control is the ______________link in the management functions.

a)

Final

b)

Middle

c)

First

d)

Direct

134.

Which of the following represents the democratic style of leadership?

a)

Leader is not involved in setting goals

b)

Leader provides regular feedbacks

c)

One-way communication

d)

Leader dictates work procedures and methods

135.

Kurt Lewin's three leadership styles include the autocratic, democratic and _____________styles of leadership.

a)

laissez-faire

b)

charismatic

c)

participating

d)

transformational

136.

In the control process, the manager should compare the performance against the _________________

a)

Competitors' performance

b)

Predetermined standard

c)

Previous year's performance

d)

Past standard

137.

The following function of management 'compares the result to the standard set' ____________

a)

organizing

b)

leading

c)

controlling

d)

coordinating  

138.

1. Which of the following is a ‘Motivator’ according to Frederick Herzberg?

a)

Wages

b)

Job importance

c)

Company policies

d)

Working conditions

139.

1. Giving recognition, attention and status are aimed at meeting the _____________ needs of an employee.

a)

esteem

b)

safety

c)

esteem

d)

actualization

140.

1. When a manager follows rules, policies and procedures, he is making ________________ decision.

a)

programmed

b)

non-programmed

c)

financial

d)

satisficing

141.

1. __is a barrier to effective communication.

a)

Selective perception

b)

Empathy

c)

Respect

d)

Clarifying

142.

1. According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following is a Social Need?

a)

Job Importance

b)

Individual Importance

c)

Belonging

d)

Sense of Accomplishment

143.

1.  do not represent stakeholders.

a)

Suppliers

b)

Employees

c)

Customers

d)

Friends

144.

A socially responsible (CSR) organisation is one that ___________________

a)

conforms to the country’s law and order.​​

b)

Does more than what is required by law

c)

is efficient and effective.

d)

makes a lot of money.

145.

The Behavioural Approach (Hawthorne Studies) in Management places emphasis on ________________

a)

product design

b)

customer service

c)

working conditions

d)

human relations

146.

Theory X, the assumption of the manager is that the worker is _______________

a)

ambitious

b)

Hardworkinng

c)

Reponsible

d)

Lazy

147.

_________________get work done through other people in the organisation.

a)

Technicians

b)

Clerks

c)

Managers

d)

Telephone operations

148.

________________ is a primary management function.

a)

Planning

b)

Commanding

c)

Leading

d)

Controlling

149.

Democratic style of leadership focuses on _______________communication.

a)

One way

b)

Two way

c)

Three way

d)

Four way

150.

The Socio-Cultural Environment is in the ______________environment.

a)

Specific

b)

Immediate

c)

General

d)

Micro

151.


.

When a manager is a leader, he is playing _________________ role.

a)

Information

b)

Decisional

c)

Paternal

d)

Interpersonal

152.

The Classical Approach, in the evolution of management thoughts, focuses on ____________system.

a)

Social

b)

Technical

c)

Social-technical

d)

Open

153.

The ‘Father of Specialisation’ is _________________

a)

Stephen Robbins

b)

Charles Handy

c)

Adam Smith

d)

John Kotter

154.

Which of the following is not considered a macroeconomic factor in the business environment?

a)

Inflation rate

b)

Exchange rates

c)

Customer preferences

d)

Unemployment rate

155.

Which of the following is an example of a political factor in the PESTEL framework?

a)

Competitive analysis

b)

Technological advancements

c)

Tax policies

d)

Government regulations

156.

What is the main focus of the organizing function in management?

a)

Motivating employees

b)

Allocating resources and tasks

c)

Setting objective and goals

d)

Monitoring performance

157.

is ‘doing things right’.

a)

Effectiveness

b)

Planning

c)

Efficiency

d)

Organising

158.

Feedforward control takes place _______________ the work is performed.

a)

After

b)

When

c)

Before

d)

None of the above

159.

Decision-making, setting objectives, and establishing strategies are key activities in which management function?

a)

Organising

b)

Controlling

c)

Leading

d)

Planning

160.

When problems are _________________, managers must rely on _______________in order to develop unique solutions

a)

Structured; non-programmed decision making

b)

Structured; pure intuition

c)

Unstructured; non-programmed decision making

d)

Unstructured; programmed decision making

161.

Using the scientific method to determine the ‘one best way’ for a job to be done is known as __________

a)

organizational behavior

b)

scientific management

c)

general administrative

d)

quantitative approach

162.

Which of the following is an example of a general environmental factor?

a)

Customers

b)

Competitors

c)

Employees

d)

Political legal

163.

departmentalization is created with an internal focus.

a)

Geographic

b)

Product

c)

Customer

d)

Both b and c

164.

Trait theory ignores the interaction between leaders and members as well as _____________factors.

a)

Social

b)

Esstem

c)

Cutural

d)

Situational