Also known as Middle Stone Age around 12,000-8,000 BC

New Stone Age

8,000 BC – 3,000 BC

wooden poles/animal bones as framework

broad leaves intertwined as covering

AND composite building materials were used (clay & wood)

wooden post & lintel to support the ridge pole & rafters

WHAT ARE THE 4 STONE STRUCTURES?

A circular arrangement of megaliths enclosing a dolmen or burial mound.

FOUND IN SALISBURY PLAIN, SOUTHERN ENGLAND

Known in the 12th cent. as “Dance of the Giants” ✓ Known today as the “sarcen circle”

Sumerian masonry was usually mortar less, BITUMEN was sometimes used

is a sticky black, highly vicious liquid or semi - solid form of petroleum

IN MESOPOTAMIAN PERIOD The mudbrick was made from clay and chopped straw. This mixture was packed into molds and then left in the sun to dry.

man-made clay, plain & glazed bricks, bitumen & pitch (for cementing), calcerous earth (mortar)

stone, brick (extensively used), alabaster & limestone (for facing)

hard & colored limestone, timber

It is a huge pyramidal temple towers which were first built in Sumerian City-States and then developed in Babylonia and Assyrian cities as well.

Assyrian palaces has pictorial and textual narrative programs on the walls, all carves stones are called?

(MESOPOTAMIAN PERIOD)
The core of ziggurats is made of?

has 100 towers and bronze doors

Babylonian temples were thus massive structures of crude brick, supported by?

They used MUD BRICK as their primary building material

The two principal building materials used in ancient Egypt are?

From the Old Kingdom (c. 2575–2130 bce) onward, stone was generally used for tombs—the eternal dwellings of the dead—and for temples— the eternal houses of the gods.

In Greek Period, these materials were primarily used for structural supports and roof beams and were used for the walls

easy to cut. Perikles, an architect who oversaw several projects including the construction of the Parthenon (447 to 432 B.C.) and other monuments atop the Akropolis, chose to use this material

common in ancient quarries and was widely used in architecture and decorative sculpting, especially for finishing surfaces. Today this marble has some gray coloration to it.

a type of limestone was quarried in ancient times in Epirus and is identified by a yellowish color with light shades of pink that contain shafts of red and gray veins running through it.

an attractive white limestone

Early Christian structures are made of limestone and brick with increasingly less use of concrete.

Christian churches don't have a lot of wall embellishment as they feature wall decoration on unprecedented scale with frescoes or mosaics.

The most important development of Rome is 1___________ to form structural core of the building.

In Roman Period, this material is easier and quicker to use than cut stone, and its raw materials are cheap and easy to transport.

Gothic cathedrals use mainly limestone as a material, and they demand such a large amount of it that usually people had to build quarries to be able to make them.

Mosaic windows are found in many places of worship, they are particularly prevalent in Gothic cathedrals.

materials used in Italian Renaissance construction

A British Engineer made the first modern concrete (hydraulic cement) by adding pebbles as a course aggregate & mixing powered brick into the cement

He invented Portland cement

He invented Reinforced Concrete, and patented in 1867