the idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge

an early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

the process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one's own psychological processes

an early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function—how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

a historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential

the study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

the science of behavior and mental processes

The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.

the principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints

the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning

the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes. (Some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists.)

a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders

the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

• Established the first psychology laboratory

• Measured the time lag between people’s hearing a ball hit a platform

and their pressing a telegraph key

• First president of the American Psychological Association (APA)

• Established the first formal United States psychology laboratory at

Johns Hopkins University

• Wundt’s student

• Introduced structuralism—aim to discover the structural elements of

the mind using introspection

Philosopher-psychologist

• Functionalist, influenced by Darwin

• Wrote one of the first introductory psychology texts, Principles of

Psychology

• Studied species variations

• evolution