THAT IS FOCUSED ON THE STUDY
OF CULTURAL VARIATION AND
SOCIAL DIFFERENCES.

refers to the rich diversity in
social practices that different
cultures exhibit around the world.

Differences among the individuals
on the basis of social
characteristics and qualities.

A person’s ______ is
their ethnic traits,
classification, or
association.

a subpopulation with a
unique culture and traditions

is more encompassing than disability.

having extraordinary abilities (also called gifts or talents)

is a term that
refers to a
condition
wherein the loss
of physical
functioning

Associated with
placing a student in
special education
and assigning an
eligibility category.

Socio-economic Status:

the people in this class have
a great wealth and sources
of income.

Socio-economic Status:

a social class that occupies a position
between the upper class and the lower class.

Socio-economic Status:

Also known as the working class

Socio-economic Status:

under or unemployed

socially
constructed

category composed of
people who share
biologically transmitted
traits that members of
society consider important

Socially constructed roles,
behaviours, expressions
and identities of girls,
women, boys, men, and
_______ diverse people.

Sociologists define social change as
changes in human interactions and
relationships that transform cultural and
social institutions.

comes from latin word “socius” which
means companions.

“Logos” which means study of.

group of people living together with shared
customs, laws, and organizations in a
specific location

scientific study of society, social
relationships, institutions, and culture. It
examines how individuals and groups
interact, how societies are structured, and
how social changes occur over time.

Includes:

• Social Interactions

• Relationships

• Social Development

• Organization

• Institutions

What did Auguste Comte do

Focus on how people in
this stage explained the world through
religious or supernatural beliefs.

Highlight the
transition to abstract thinking and
philosophical reasoning.

Emphasize the use of
scientific methods and empirical evidence
to understand the world.

(also known as the fictional stage)

Phenomenas, natural or societal events are
attributed to the divine forces or supernatural forces

• Types of beliefs (Monotheism, Fetishism,
  Polytheism

• Society is structured around religious
  institutions and priesthoods. Religious
  leaders hold significant power and
  influence.

• (also known as the abstract stage)

• In this transitional stage, abstract
  principles and philosophical reasoning
  replace supernatural explanations

• decline of religious authority and the rise
  of philosophical inquiry

• Instead of attributing events to gods,
  people seek to understand the underlying
  essences and causes behind phenomena

• (also known as the scientific stage)

• People started to study the nature and
  dynamics of society.

• Characterized by scientific and empirical
  approaches to understanding the world.

• Knowledge is based on observation,
  experimentation, and comparison

• Scientific methods to solve problems and
  improve human life

Social Thinkers:

• Positivism

• Law of Three Stages

• Hierarchy of Sciences

• Social Statics and Social Dynamics

Social Thinkers:

• Social Facts

• Division of Labor

• Study of Suicide

• Theory of Anomie

• The Elementary Forms of Religous Life

Social Thinkers:

• German philosopher, economist,
  historian, sociologist, and
  revolutionary socialist whose
  ideas have profoundly influenced
  political thought, economics, and
  social theory.

• Advocacy for Socialism and
  Communism

Social Thinkers:

• Historical Materialism

• Critique of Capitalism

• Communist Manifesto

• Das Kapital

• Theory of Class Struggle

• Founding figure of
  Marxism

Social Thinkers:

• Explored the shift from
  traditional values as the
  main driver of individual
  actions in society to
  economic gains as the
  primary motivation for
  social action.

Social Thinkers:

• The Protestant Ethic and
  Spirit of Capitalism

• Theory of Social Action

• Burreaucracy and
  Rationalization

• The Sociology of Religion

• Legitimacy and Authority

Social Thinkers:

• Best known for his analysis of the structures of power in society and his advocacy for a public sociology that addresses the real-world problems faced by ordinary people.

• He is particularly celebrated for his concept of the "sociological imagination" and his critical examination of the relationships between individuals and the larger social forces that shape their lives.

What is Social Imagination

Key elements of sociological imagination:

individual problems that
people face in their daily lives (such as
unemployment, divorce, or illness).

Key elements of sociological imagination:

larger social problems that affect
many people (such as the structure of the labor
market, family dynamics, or healthcare systems).

Key elements of sociological imagination:

individuals' biographies
(personal lives) are
shaped by history (the
broader social context in
which they live).

Key elements of sociological imagination:

recognizing how social structures (such as class, race, gender, and institutions like the government, education, and the family) influence individuals' behaviors, opportunities, and outcomes. These structures shape people's actions, but they are often invisible or taken for granted in daily life.

WHY SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION
IMPORTANT?

CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

• perspective in which describes the society as a social system that has a social structure of its own

• Herbert Spencer saw similarities between society and the human body; In this perspective, the
  society’s social system is seen analogous to the human body system.

CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

• Patterns of beliefs and behaviors
  focused on meeting social needs.

• such as government, education, family,
  education, family, healthcare, religion,
  and the economy.

CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

• Society is a complex system of interrelated and interdependent parts that work together to maintain stability(Durkheim 1893)

• Social facts are the laws, morals, values, religous belief, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life

CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

• Robert Merton pointed out that social processes often have many functions. Social processes that have undesirable consequences for the operation of the society are called Dysfunction.

CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

• Manifest Function are the intended
  functions of an institution or a
  phenomenon in a social system.

• Latent Function are its unintended
  functions.

CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

• Societies should be examined
  holistically in an intererrelated
  system framework.

CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

• Social Systems are generally in a
  state of equilibrium.

CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

• The functionalists are less
  concerned in the history of a
  society, but more interested with
  social interaction.

• reminds of the need for order and stability

• Each institution serves a function

• Reminds us people that we have roles to play in the society

• Order and stability is important for society

• Tells us how to create order and stability

• Conservative Bias

• Limited Understanding of Social Change

• Overemphasis on Harmony

• Neglects Individual Agency

• Static View of Society

• Symbolic Interactionism:

This theory assumes that people respond to elements of their environments according to the subjective meanings they attach to those elements, such as meanings being created and modified through social interaction involving symbolic communication with other people.

• Symbolic Interactionism:

1. Humans are social creatures

2. Humans are always reflecting and
   thinking about their social interactions

3. The real world is experienced through the
   frame of language and communication

4. Meanings are created through interaction

5. Humans ultimately have a lot of agency
   over how their reality is framed.

• Symbolic Interactionism:

1. someone might post a well-lit photo of themselves smiling in a crowded restaurant in order to convey that he or she is an attractive person with lots of friends. If the image gets a lot of likes, he or she will likely perceive that people approve of the image and will go on to post similar images in the future.

• Symbolic Interactionism:

1. by claiming that human behavior the result of not only social interaction, but also the ongoing reflection on social interaction that humans engage in while communicating with each other.

a symbolic interactionist who
argued that society consisted
of individuals temporarily
agreeing on shared meanings
to the extent that they could
act together.

Human beings act on the
meanings they give to people,
objects and situations, rather
than just reacting to external
stimuli.

Meanings emerge through the
process of interaction rather than
being present from the outset.
Meanings are created and modified
within interaction situations rather
than being fixed. Actors do not just
slavishly follow pre-existing norms or
roles.

Meanings are the result of
interpretations by individuals within
interaction contexts and meanings
develop over time, thus social norms
and institutions can change.

looks at how different groups in society compete with each other because of scarce resources, unequal social structures, power and resistance.

These inequalities and deprivations become a source of conflict not only with people from the highest socio economic classes but also with government

• Conflict Theory is based on the study of ______ from 19th century, who believed a society evolved in through several stages

• -Feudalism

• -Capitalism

• -Socialism

• Rich upper class

• Minority of the population

• Had the power in the society

  Factory Owner

• Poor Lower Class

• Majority of the population

• Workers in the factory

Workers are alienated
from the goods they
produce. In a capitalist
system, the products of
labor are owned by the
capitalist, not the
worker who created
them.

Workers are alienated from
the act of production itself.
In a capitalist setting, labor
is often repetitive,
mechanical, and directed by
the capitalist rather than
being an expression of
creativity or self-fulfillment.

Capitalism creates
competition among
workers for jobs, wages,
and resources. This
results in a lack of
solidarity, as workers are
pitted against each other,
leading to alienation in
social relationships.

Marx believed that humans
are naturally creative beings
who find fulfillment through
productive activity. However,
under capitalism, this
creative potential is stifled,
as work becomes a mere
means to survive, rather than
a fulfilling and creative act.