It allows organizations and individuals to scale

resources up or down as needed, reducing the need for upfront infrastructure investments.

Cloud computing has evolved from traditional on-premises

data centers and computing models.

Key historical developments include the advent of

virtualization, which allowed multiple virtual machines (VMs) to run on a single physical server

through the use of hypervisors. Additionally, the emergence of cloud service providers like

Amazon Web Services (AWS) in the mid-2000s revolutionized the cloud computing landscape.

provides virtualized computing resources over the

internet, allowing users to rent virtual machines, storage, and networking infrastructure.

Users

are responsible for managing the operating system and applications. Pros include flexibility and

control, but cons may include increased administrative burden.

offers a development and deployment environment that

abstracts infrastructure management.

Developers can focus on writing and deploying code,

while the platform handles scaling and maintenance. Pros include developer productivity, but

cons may include limitations on infrastructure customization.

delivers software applications over the internet on a

subscription basis.

Users access applications through web browsers, eliminating the need for

local installation and maintenance. Pros include accessibility and cost savings, but cons may

include data privacy concerns.

is owned and operated by a cloud service provider and offers

computing resources to the general public over the internet.

It is a shared infrastructure used by

multiple organizations.

is dedicated to a single organization.

It can be hosted on-premises

or by a third-party provider and offers greater control, security, and customization.

combines both public and private cloud environments, allowing

data and applications to move seamlessly between them.

It offers flexibility, scalability, and the

ability to meet specific requirements.

is shared by multiple organizations with similar

requirements, such as regulatory compliance or industry-specific needs.

It provides a tailored

cloud solution for a specific community of users.

is when an organization uses cloud computing services from at least two cloud

providers to run their applications.

Instead of using a single-cloud stack, multicloud

environments typically include a combination of two or more public clouds, two or more private

clouds, or some combination of both.

is a leading cloud service provider known for its extensive

global infrastructure and comprehensive suite of cloud services.

It offers services for computing,

storage, databases, analytics, machine learning, and more.

is Microsoft's cloud platform, providing a wide range of cloud services

and integrated solutions.

It offers seamless integration with Microsoft products and services.

is Google's cloud offering, focusing on data analytics,

machine learning, and artificial intelligence.

It provides advanced services for data processing,

AI, and container orchestration.

is a technology that allows multiple virtual instances, such as virtual

machines (VMs), to run on a single physical server.

It abstracts hardware resources, enabling

efficient utilization and isolation between VMs. Each VM operates independently, with its own

operating system and applications.

also known as a virtual machine monitor (VMM), is a software or hardware

component that enables the creation and management of virtual machines (VMs) on a physical

server.

It acts as an intermediary layer between the physical hardware and the virtualized

operating systems and applications running on the VMs.

are commonly used in

virtualization technologies to maximize the utilization of hardware resources and provide

isolation between multiple virtualized environments.

run directly on the

physical hardware without the need for a host operating system.

They are highly

efficient and offer better performance because they have direct access to the hardware

resources.

run on top of a host

operating system. They are often used for development, testing, or scenarios where

performance is not the primary concern.

are easier to set up but may

have some performance overhead.

Hypervisors allow multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical

server, sharing its computing resources like CPU, memory, storage, and networking.

Each virtual machine operates independently, providing strong isolation

between VMs. This ______ ensures that issues in one VM do not affect others.

Hypervisors manage the allocation of physical resources to VMs,

ensuring fair distribution and efficient utilization.

Hypervisors often offer _____ functionality, allowing you to capture the

current state of a virtual machine.

Some advanced hypervisors support live migration, allowing VMs to be

moved from one physical host to another with minimal downtime.

are lightweight, portable, and isolated environments for running

applications. They package an application along with its dependencies, libraries, and runtime

into a single container image.

share the host operating system kernel, making them

more resource-efficient than VMs. They provide consistency in development and deployment

environments.

are isolated, customizable, and logically segmented

network environments within cloud service providers.

They provide a private network space

where cloud resources can communicate securely.

are subdivisions of virtual networks, enabling further organization and control

over IP address ranges.

are used to group resources and apply security and routing

rules.

are virtual firewalls that control inbound and outbound traffic

to cloud resources.

They use rule-based access control to define which traffic is allowed and

denied, enhancing the security of cloud resources.

is a data storage architecture that stores data as objects, each

with its unique identifier and metadata.

It is highly scalable, durable, and ideal for storing

unstructured data like images, videos, and documents.

provides raw storage volumes that can be attached to virtual

machines.

It offers high-performance storage suitable for applications, databases, and file

systems. ________ volumes are typically managed as individual blocks.

offers network-attached storage with shared file systems accessible by

multiple virtual machines.

It's suitable for scenarios where multiple instances need to access the

same files and collaborate.

are virtualized servers that emulate physical

computers.

They allow running multiple operating systems on a single physical server, providing

flexibility, isolation, and compatibility with various software and operating systems.

is a cloud computing model were cloud providers

automatically manage infrastructure, allowing developers to focus solely on writing code for

their applications.

It's event-driven and scales automatically in response to triggers, without the

need for manual provisioning or server management.

is a practice of defining and managing

infrastructure elements, such as servers, networks, and databases, using code and automation.

IaC tools and scripts enable the provisioning, configuration, and management of cloud resources

through code, enhancing repeatability, consistency, and collaboration in infrastructure

management.

These are the various difficulties and threats that organizations face

when using cloud services.

Challenges include data breaches, compliance issues, identity and

access management, and ensuring the security of cloud infrastructure.

This model defines the division of responsibilities between cloud

service providers (CSPs) and customers. CSPs are responsible for the security "of" the cloud

(physical infrastructure), while customers are responsible for the security "in" the cloud (their

data, applications, and configurations).

is the practice of managing user identities, roles,

and permissions in a digital environment.

In the context of cloud computing, ___ involves

controlling access to cloud resources, ensuring that only authorized individuals or systems can

use them.

is the process of converting data into a secure, unreadable format

to protect it from unauthorized access.

secures data while it's being

transmitted between systems,

protects data when it's stored on disks,

databases, or other storage mediums.

relies on protocols like SSL/TLS and VPNs to protect data during transfer.

involves techniques like disk-level encryption and database encryption to

safeguard data stored on servers or in databases.

is a security practice that requires users to provide

multiple forms of authentication (such as a password and a one-time code sent to their phone)

to access a system or application.

This principle dictates that individuals or systems should have only the

minimum permissions necessary to perform their tasks.

It reduces the risk of unauthorized

access and limits potential damage in case of a security breach.

is a European Union (EU) regulation that focuses on data protection and

privacy for individuals.

It applies to organizations that process personal data of EU residents,

regardless of where the organization is located.

Obtaining clear and explicit consent for data processing.

Allowing individuals to access, correct, or delete their data.

Appointing DPOs responsible for data protection.

Reporting data breaches within 72 hours.

GDPR violations can result in fines of up to €20 million or 4% of

the company's global annual turnover, whichever is higher.

is a U.S. federal law that focuses on safeguarding protected health information

(PHI) and ensuring its confidentiality, integrity, and availability. It primarily applies to healthcare

organizations and their partners.

Safeguarding PHI through access controls and encryption.

Ensuring patient privacy and consent.

Implementing security measures to protect PHI.

Reporting breaches affecting more than 500 individuals.

HIPAA violations can result in civil and criminal penalties, with

fines ranging from $100 to $1.5 million per violation.

is an auditing standard developed by the American Institute of CPAs (AICPA). It

evaluates the controls relevant to security, availability, processing integrity, confidentiality, and

privacy of customer data in service organizations.

Ensures data and systems are protected against unauthorized access and

breaches.

Ensures systems are available for operation and service as agreed upon.

Ensures data processing is complete, accurate, and timely.

Protects sensitive data from unauthorized access.

Addresses the collection and use of personal information.

Organizations undergo independent audits to demonstrate compliance

with SOC 2 criteria.