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WorksheetsAP Psych Unit 3 Learning
Total questions: 120
Worksheet time: 2hrs 31mins
Yesterday, Mary competed in a martial arts tournament. She ended up placing fourth out of the ten that competed. Mary was devastated because she really loves the sport and has been practicing for the majority of her life. Which type of motivation is this demonstrating?
Observational Learning
Extrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation
Biological Predisposition
The statement, "People are nothing more than robots. We are driven by our biological reactions to stimuli," would best be supported by __
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
James Watson
E.L. Thorndike
In Pavlov's experiment, the bell is the _
Neutral Stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
Unconditioned Response
A person is pinned down and tickled. At first, the person fights against it. Eventually, the person (seeing that they have no control) gives up and lets it happen. What is this an example of?
An acquisition error
Habituation
Latent Learning
Learned Helplessness
Rats associate best to the sense of taste. Similarly, so do humans. This is an example of_
Biological Predisposition
Abstract Learning
Generalization
The Law of Effect
What was ethically wrong with the "Little Albert" study?
Watson banged the hammer too loudly, causing Little Albert to have ear damage when he grew up.
Watson was never given the credentials to be a psychologist in the first place. He conducted studies with no prior experience of psychiatry, copying previous psychologists instead.
Little Albert's mother did not agree to give consent to the studying of her baby.
Little Albert himself did not give the okay to the study.
Extinction occurs when
The UCS precedes the UCR
The Neutral Stimulus follows the CS
The CS doesn't follow the CR
The CR doesn't follow the CS
What is an example of a primary reinforcer?
VIdeo Games
Punishment
Food
School
Which is an example of a secondary reinforcement?
Dehydration
Praise
Hunger
Having to go to the bathroom
After Teddy has been conditioned to fearing people with black socks, Teddy sees a black ankle brace and responds similarly to seeing black socks. What is this an example of?
Discrimination
Operant Conditioning
Chaining
Generalization
This time, Teddy notices the difference between the ankle brace and black socks, therefore, he does not react to it. What is this an example of?
Discrimination
Generalization
Operant Conditioning
The Law of Effect
Timmy is behaving badly. His mother spanks him every time he does this. This is an example of
Negative Punishment
Positive Punishment
Negative Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
In order to get Timmy to stop yelling, his mother takes away his toys. This is an example of
Positive Punishment
Negative Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Punishment
The Law of Effect is best credited by which scientist?
B.F. Skinner
Edward Thorndike
Carl Rogers
Sigmund Freud
What is the Law of Effect?
Responses followed by negative stimuli is likely to increase behaviour
Responses followed by a neutral stimulus is likely to remain neutral
The effects stimulated on others are likely to reciprocate, causing a chain of negative or positive interactions.
Responses followed by satisfaction (positive) are likely to increase behaviour and make it more likely to occur again and again.
Timmy has learned his lesson and his mother gives him his toys back. This is an example of
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Billy's mom took away his punishment once he proved that he learned his lesson. This is an example of?
Negative Punishment
Positive Punishment
Negative Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
The Little Albert experiment demonstrated -
Aversive Conditioning
Avoidance Learning
Punishment
Omission training
Chaining is -
Teaching subjects to behave in a specific way successively multiple times
Reinforcing properties of something
Teaching a new behaviour
Providing on and off schedules of reinforcement
What is best when FIRST teaching a new behavior
Fixed Ratio
Fixed Interval
Continuous Reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement
Ross and Bandura demonstrated aggression and observational learning through
The Premack Principle
Latent Learning
The Bobo Doll experiment
Instinctive Drift
Albeit Henry continues to try to teach a bird to walk rather than fly. The bird continues to fly. This is an example of
Instinctive Drift
Habituation
Latent Learning
State Dependent Learning
The premise of - the more times two things are paired together, the greater chance that learning will occur - is best exemplified by -
Abstract learning
Kohler's Experiment
The Contingency Model
The Social -Learning theory
After struggling with a solution of how to get her keys out of her car, Kerry suddenly realizes that she should call Triple A. What type of learning does this demonstrate?
Insight Learning
Abstract Learning
Fundamental Learning
Acquisition
Insight Learning was best demonstrated via -
The Bobo Doll Experiment
Wolfgang Kohler's Experiment
The frustration - aggression principle
Habituation Training
The Premack Principle states that
Continuous reinforcement is best for learning
Of two activities, whichever is preferred the most can be used to reinforce the other activity
Once behavior is learned, partial reinforcement schedules yield a higher success rate
Extinction is highest in higher yield cases
Token Economies are most popular in
Mental Institutions
Households
Prisons
Jobs
Which schedule of reinforcement is the least prone to extinction ?
Variable interval
Variable Ratio
Fixed interval
Fixed Ratio
Which schedule is the least effective in reinforcing behavior?
Variable Interval
Fixed Interval
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Trick or treating is an example of
Fixed Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Ratio
Variable Interval
A man receives a paycheck bi- weekly
Variable interval
Fixed Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval
Best represents a slot machine
Variable Interval
Fixed Interval
Variable Ratio
Fixed Ratio
Which type of learning is most difficult to measure?
Abstract Learning
Cognitive Learning
Concrete Learning
Associative Learning
A mental image of a spatial environment -
Abstraction
Image
Mental Set
Cognitive Map
Which type of learning was pioneered by Edward Tolman?
Latent Learning
Concrete Learning
Associative Learning
Stimulus Inductive Learning
Wolfgang Kohler considered a chimpanzee's sudden solving of a problem as evidence of:
Instinct
Learning set
Insight
Spontaneous recovery
It's a very hot summer day and Viva is sweating in her apartment. She turns on the air conditioning and right away her apartment gets cooler. Viva is now more likely to turn on the AC when she is hot to reduce her discomfort. This is an example of:
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Punishment
Positive punishment
When a conditioned response stops occurring:
Systematic desensitization
Spontaneous recovery
Conditioned stimulus
Extinction
Revival of an extinguished response
Systematic desensitization
Spontaneous recovery
Conditioned stimulus
Extinction
Psychologists E.C. Toleman did experiments on rats that showed:
That reinforcement is not always necessary for learning.
The success of Skinner's box
How classical conditioning works.
The effectiveness of negative reinforcement.
Alfred Bandura showed that we acquire knowledge by observing and imitating others. This is called:
Partial Reinforcement
Flooding
Modeling
Counterconditioning
Classical conditioning can be applied to help overcome fears using the methods of
systematic desensitization
flooding
counterconditioning
all of the above
Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs yielded information about
counter conditioning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
all of the above
Method that involves relaxation and gradual exposure to a feared stimulus.
systematic desensitization
flooding
counterconditioning
all of the above
Stimulus that encourages a behavior by meeting an organism's basic biological needs.
Secondary reinforcer
Primary reinforcer
unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
The reinforcement schedule that generally provides the most resistance to response extinction is:
fixed-ratio
fixed interval
variable-ratio
variable-interval
The process by which a stimulus increases the chances of a preceding behavior occurring again is called:
Extinction
Reinforcement
Flooding
Systemic autosensitization
Most psychologists suggest that physical punishment is not the best way to deal with a problem because it:
May cause children to learn to hit
May cause a child to run away
Does not teach the correct way to act.
Does all of the above
In John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner's experiment, "Little Albert" began to fear all objects that were:
Discrimination
Systematic desensitization
generalization
all of the above
Which of the following is not a technique of operant conditioning?
Programmed learning
Counterconditioning
Classroom discipline
Latent learning
The first time Kelly went to the mall, she had problems finding her way around, but after several visits, she finds it very easy to get where she is going. Kelly has:
Experienced social learning
Developed a cognitive map of the mall.
Insight into the layout of the mall.
Experienced observational learning
Which part of the brain fires when performing a certain action, and/or observing a certain action?
Monkey genes
Mirror neurons
aversion
Pre-frontal lobes
People who watch a lot of violence on T.V. are more likely to be violent in part because of
Systematic desensitization
Classical conditioning
Negative reinforcement
Observational learning
Stimulus that causes an automatic response
Unconditioned response
Unconditioned stimuli
Conditioned response
Conditioned Stimuli
Act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar
Discrimination
Generalization
Secondary Reinforcer
Primary reinforcer
Reinforcement _______ the rate of a response; punishment ______ the rate of a response.
Increases; decreases
Decreases; increases
Decreases; decreases
Increases; does not affect
Maddie gets a speeding ticket, and her parents take her car away for 2 weeks. What type of Operational Conditioning is taking place?
positive punishment
negative punishment
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
Dogs stood on an electrified floor. Group 1 was shocked and jumped to a safe spot. Group 2 was shocked but chained and unable to jump. Even when later unchained, group 2 dogs did not try and leave the electrified floor.
avoidance learning
learned helplessness
escapism
denial
For people who believe that others or outside forces (like luck or horoscopes) control their destiny is called?
internal locus of control
coping
external locus of control
self-control
A particular group of brain cells seems to provide a basis for observational learning. Researchers call these specialized cells...
Efferent neurons
Afferent neurons
Mirror neurons
Motor neurons
Schwann cells
If a child is offered a reward after they earn five A’s on her homework assignments. After her fifth A on a homework assignment, she gets to pick out a new toy, what type of intermittent reinforcement does this display?
Variable Ratio Schedule - VR
Fixed Interval Schedule - FI
Variable Interval Schedule - VI
Fixed Ratio Schedule - FR
Which is the defintion of extinction?
No longer an organism species exists
Getting rid of an unconditioned response
Diminishing a conditioned response
Only answering to the stimulus
When Olivia makes rude noises at the dinner table, she gets her mouth washed out with soap. She doesn't make rude noises that often anymore. This is an example of
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
negative punishment
A professional baseball player getting a hit approximately every third time at bat is an example of what schedule of reinforcement?
fixed ratio
variable ratio
fixed interval
variable interval
The reappearance after a period of time of a conditioned response that has been subjected to extinction
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
conditioned response (CR)
stimulus generalization
The law of effect states that if there is a pleasant stimulus-response reinforced, the behavior will increase, and the opposite is true if an unpleasant consequence is given as punishment. Who came up with this law?
Edward Thorndike
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
John Garcia
Learned taste aversions are an example of classical conditioning. They were first discovered by whom?
Edward Thorndike
Ivan Pavlov
BF Skinner
John Garcia
Seen here, this Bobo doll experiment proved his ideas about observational learning and modeling. When kids watch adults take their anger out on the doll, they copied the behavior. Name the researcher.
BF Skinner
Edward Tolman
Albert Bandura
Wolfgang Kohler
BF Skinner found that pigeons could learn to peck a button to get food. Then, he found that they could peck a button when they saw a tree. This was amazing because he was showing them all sorts of trees, even ones they'd never seen before. Pigeons understood the CONCEPT of what a tree was. This is called...
Observational Learning
Latent Learning
Insight Learning
Abstract learning
Edward Tolman had three groups of rats. Group A got reinforced for running the maze. B did not. C did not at first, but in the second half of trials, started to. What Group C proved was that the rats had knowledge of the maze, but needed some reinforcement to achieve their full learning potential. Because their learning was "hidden", Tolman called it...
Observational Learning
Latent Learning
Abstract Learning
Insight Learning
Of the following, which is essential for operant conditioning to occur?
extinction
a behavioral consequence
a stimulus substitution
Spontaneous recovery
Delayed conditioning
Ms. Hoffer uses Dolphin dollars as positive reinforcement for her class. Dolphin dollars can be spent that the classroom store to by pencils and things. Dolphin dollars are...
Primary reinforcers
Secondary reinforcers
Negative reinforcers
Vicarious reinforcers
Aversive reinforcers
Maddie gets a speeding ticket, and her parents take her car away for 2 weeks. What type of Operational Conditioning is taking place?
positive punishment
negative punishment
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
The sudden realization of a problem's solution is known as
coping
self-control
latent learning
insight
For people who believe that others or outside forces (like luck or horoscopes) control their destiny is called?
internal locus of control
coping
external locus of control
self-control
A particular group of brain cells seems to provide a basis for observational learning. Researchers call these specialized cells...
Efferent neurons
Afferent neurons
Mirror neurons
Motor neurons
Schwann cells
stimulus.
Research indicates that many animals are more likely to associate sickness with a taste they experienced in conjunction with the illness than with a tone or light. This finding supports which of the following claims?
the tone or light must not have been appropriately paired with the onset of illness
Illness is not necessarily punishing to subjects
Animals may be biologically prepared to learn some things over other things
Extrinsic reinforcers may be more effective than intrinsic reinforcers
Positive reinforcers are more effective than punishers
A particular group of brain cells seems to provide a basis for observational learning. Researchers call these specialized cells...
Efferent neurons
Afferent neurons
Mirror neurons
Motor neurons
Schwann cells
After seeing her parents give her brother a dollar for cleaning his room, Sarah begins cleaning her own room. What would a social-learning theorist say is occurring?
Classical conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
Stimulus generalization
Discrimination training
Observational learning
BF Skinner's claim that the environment determines an individual's behavior was criticized for...
failing to explain how personality changes over time
Failing to acknowledge cognitive influences on behavior
Failing to acknowledge situational factors
Attributing behavior solely to genetics
Emphasizing unconscious influences on behavior
In a classic study, a group of rats learned to run through a maze to obtain food, and another group of rats explored the maze without receiving good. Some time later, the researcher compared the two groups of rats to determine if both groups would find the food at the end of the maze. According to the researcher, the untrained rats found the food at the end of the maze as quickly as the trained rats as a result of
latent learning
observational learning
avoidance learning
counter-conditioning
aversive conditioning
Edward Thorndike argued that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This became known as the Law of...
Reinforcement
Associations
Punishment
Effect
Outcomes
Which of the following statements best describes the role of biological processes in classical conditioning?
A biologically-based unconditioned stimulus must immediately follow a conditioned stimulus in order for learning to occur
Any novel (new) or familiar stimulus could serve as a conditioned stimulus because the biological mechanisms underlying learning are very powerful
Because all animals share a common cellular history, the laws of classical conditioning apply to all species
Certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their survival
Biological reinforcers foster learning more quickly than do environmental reinforcers
